You are here » home › advanced search › Bothrops asper

Bothrops asper (GARMAN, 1883)

iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Bothrops asper?

Add your own observation of
Bothrops asper »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Terciopelo
G: Rauhschuppige Lanzenotter
S: Víbora Equis 
SynonymTrigonocephalus asper GARMAN 1883: 124
Trigonocephalus xanthogrammus COPE 1868: 110
Bothrops atrox septentrionalis MÜLLER 1885: 699
Bothrops quadriscutatus POSADA-ARANGO 1889: 345
Lachesis xanthogrammus — BOULENGER 1896
Bothrops xanthogrammus — AMARAL 1930: 24
Bothrops atrox asper — SMITH & TAYLOR 1945
Bothrops atrox asper — TAYLOR 1949: 215
Bothrops asper — HOGE 1966: 113
Bothrops asper — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 43
Bothrops xanthogrammus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 55
Bothrops asper — LINER 1994
Bothrops atrox xanthogrammus — SCHÄTTI & KRAMER 1993
Bothrops xanthogrammus — WELCH 1994: 35
Bothrops asper — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 254
Bothrops asper — FENWICK et al. 2009
Bothrops asper — CARRASCO et al. 2012
Bothrops asper — WALLACH et al. 2014: 115
Bothrops asper — CURLIS et al. 2020 
DistributionS Mexico (Campeche, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Puebla, Quéretaro, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas southwards), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, Colombia (incl. Valle del Cauca), W Ecuador, Venezuela; elevation (Honduras): 880-1160 m, 0-1500 m (Colombia)

Type locality: Obispo, Darién, Panama.  
Reproductionovovivparous with up to 90 newborns 
TypesType: MCZ 2718, 2 heads.
Holotype: ANSP 9978; Ecuador, Pallatanga (formerly at USNM) [xanthogrammus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: “De esta especie se revisaron 20 especímenes, 10 hembras y 10 machos provenientes todos de distintas localidades del departamento de Cauca al Oeste de la Cordillera Occidental y uno de Tumaco en la Costa Pacífica de Nariño (Mapas 1 y 2). Los ejemplares adultos son robustos y en el dorso presentan de 18 a 25 figuras triangulares oscuras (negro a café) en forma de equis, mariposas o corbatines; con bordes claros (gris a crema) a cada lado del cuerpo (Figuras 2 y 3) la zona inferior de la boca suele ser de color amarillo y el vientre de color crema uniforme. Los machos pueden medir hasta 160 cm y las hembras hasta 250 cm (Campbell y Lamar, 1989). Los juveniles machos tienen una coloración amarilla ó blanca en la punta de la cola (los últimos 10 a 20 mm). Una vez adultos, no hay una diferencia física externa que diferencie el macho de la hembra a excepción de un ensanchamiento en la base de la cola a la altura de la cloaca en los machos, debido a la presencia de los hemipenes. La cabeza es grande y se diferencia del cuello. El ojo es mediano y tiene una pupila elíptica. Tiene de 7 a 8 escamas supralabiales, de 8 a 12 escamas infralabiales, 1 escama loreal, 3 escamas preoculares, 2 a 4 escamas postoculares, 23 a 33 filas de escamas dorsales a medio cuerpo, escamas ventrales en machos 161-216, en hembras 187-240, Escamas subcaudales en machos 57-81, en hembras 46-70, una placa anal única. Tiene una raya oscura desde la parte postocular hasta el ángulo de la boca. El cuerpo tiene una forma ligeramente triangular. Las escamas dorsales son fuertemente guilladas, por eso el nombre específico es asper, la palabra en latín para áspero. Los termo-receptores se encuentran a la misma distancia de los ojos y la fosa nasal y está en contacto con la segunda escama supralabial, la escama mental es ligeramente más larga que ancha, la escama rostral presenta forma hexagonal, las escamas geneiales se presentan en disposición 2+2.” (Folleco-Fernández 2010). 
CommentVenomous! The most dangerous venomous snake in Central America.

Distribution: Has often been confused with B. atrox and hence erroneously reported from Trinidad and El Salvador (W. Wüster, pers. comm.). Populations of the northern South American are Bothrops colombiensis, while the distribution of asper is Central America and part of the Pacific, hence not in Venezuela (Luis Esqueda, pers. comm., 21 April 2016, see also Natera-Mumaw et al. 2015). See map in Saldarriaga-Córdoba et al. 2017: Fig. 1

Nomenclature: The name xanthogrammus has priority over asper but asper is used by many authors inorder to maintain nomenclatural stability. See discussion in McDiarmid et al. (1999: 255).

Synonymy partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970. CAmpbell & Lamar 1992 synonymized Trigonocephalus xanthogrammus with B. asper.

Relative abundance in Honduras: common; causes most snake bites in Costa Rica.

Diversity: Across Mesoamerica, B. asper populations show remarkable differences in natural history traits, morphological variation, venom composition, and biological effects of venoms. Nevertheless, Saldarriaga-Córdoba et al. (2017) refrained from proposing any taxonomic changes for these B. asper lineages at present, as their phylogenetic relationships with the B. atrox group remains unclear. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “asper” = rough, in reference to the nasty temper of the snake, or to the roughness of the keeled scales on the dorsum. 
References
  • Aguilar-López JL, Luría-Manzano R, Pineda E, Canseco-Márquez L 2021. Selva Zoque, Mexico: an important Mesoamerican tropical region for reptile species diversity and conservation. ZooKeys 1054: 127-153 - get paper here
  • Amaral, A. do 1930. Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVII. Valor systematico de varias formas de ophidios neotropicos. Mem. Inst. Butantan 4: 1-68 [1929] - get paper here
  • Arenas, Carlos Yañez; A. Townsend Peterson, Pierre Mokondoko, Octavio Rojas-Soto, Enrique Martínez-Meyer 2014. The Use of Ecological Niche Modeling to Infer Potential Risk Areas of Snakebite in the Mexican State of Veracruz. PLoS One 9 (6): e100957. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100957 - get paper here
  • Arias, Erick; Federico Bolaños 2014. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of San Isidro de Dota, Reserva Forestal Los Santos, Costa Rica. Check List 10 (4): 870-877 - get paper here
  • Arteaga AF, Bustamante-Enríquez LM and Guayasamin JM 2013. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Mindo. http://www.tropicalherping.com - get paper here
  • Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G., & Monge-Nájera, J. 2020. Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment. Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(1): 336-343; doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0123.v1 - get paper here
  • Barrio-Amorós, Cesar Luis, Michelle Quiroz, Cristian Porras-Ramírez, Rene Villanueva-Maldonado, Alejandro Estrada-García, Abel Batista 2023. Amphibians and reptiles encountered during an expedition to Panama. Reptiles & Amphibians 30 (1): e18359 - get paper here
  • Batista A, Mebert K, Miranda M, Garcés O, Fuentes R, Ponce M. 2020. Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 14(2) [General Section]: 27–46 (e237) - get paper here
  • BOADA, C.; SALAZAR-V., D.; FREIRE LASCANO, A. & KUCH, U. 2005. The diet of Bothrops asper (GARMAN, 1884) in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 18: 77-79 - get paper here
  • Booth, Warren; Gordon W. Schuett 2015. The emerging phylogenetic pattern of parthenogenesis in snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 118 (2): 172–186, DOI: 10.1111/bij.12744
  • Cadena-Ortiz, Hector; Alexis Barahona-V., Daniela Bahamonde-Vinueza, Jorge Brito M. 2017. Anecdotal predation events of some snakes in Ecuador. Herpetozoa 30 (1/2): 93 - 96 - get paper here
  • Campbell, J.A. 1998. Amphibians and reptiles of northern Guatemala, the Yucatán, and Belize. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, xiii + 380 pp. - get paper here
  • Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca
  • Campbell,J.A. & Lamar,W.W. 1992. Taxonomic status of miscellaneous Neotropical viperids, with the description of a new genus. Occ. Papers Mus. Texas Tech. Univ. 153: 1-31 - get paper here
  • Carrera, C. et al. 2009. Guía de Campo de los Pequeños Vertebrados del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (DMQ). Publicación Miscelánea N° 5. Serie de Publicaciones del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales (MECN) – Fondo Ambiental del MDMQ. 1-89 pp. Imprenta Nuevo Arte. Quito-Ecuador.
  • Casas-Andreu, G., F.R. Méndez-De la Cruz and X. Aguilar-Miguel. 2004. Anfibios y Reptiles; pp. 375–390, in A.J.M. García-Mendoza, J. Ordoñez and M. Briones-Salas (ed.). Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biología, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Fund, México, D. F.
  • Castro, F.; Ayerbe, S.; Calderón, J.J. & Cepeda, B. 2005. Nuevo registro para Colombia de Bothrocophias campbelli y notas sobre B. colombianus y B. myersi (Serpentes:Viperidae). Novedades Colombianas 8(1): 57-64 - get paper here
  • Castro-Herrera, F. & Vargas-Salinas, F. 2008. Anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 9 (2): 251 - 277 - get paper here
  • CASTRO-HERRERA, FERNANDO; ANYELET VALENCIA-AGUILAR, DIEGO VILLAQUIRAN-Martínez 2012. Diversidad de Anfibios y Reptiles del Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona. Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, 112 pp. - get paper here
  • CHANG-CASTILLO, ARTURO; RANDALL ARGUEDAS, DANILO CHACÓN, GREIVIN CORRALES & AARÓN GÓMEZ. 2021. Hematological parameters and globulin profile of Bothrops asper and Crotalus simus snakes (Serpentes: Viperidae), after the main venom gland removal. Cuadernos de Herpetología 35(1): 121–130. - get paper here
  • Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. and J.-M. Touzet 2004. Distribution and conservation status of Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884) in Ecuador. Herpetozoa 17 (3/4): 135-141 - get paper here
  • Colston, Timothy J.; José António L. Barão-Nóbrega, Ryan Manders, Alice Lett, Jamie Wilmott, Gavin Cameron, Sidony Hunter, Adam Radage, Etienne Littlefair, Robert J. Williams, Antonio Lopez Cen, Kathy Slater 2015. Amphibians and reptiles of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, México, with new records. Check List 11 (5): 1759 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1868. An examination of the Reptilia and Batrachia obtained by the Orton Expedition to Equador and the Upper Amazon, with notes on other species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20: 96-140 - get paper here
  • Cortés Gómez, Angela María; Anyelet Valencia Aguilar, Diana Marcela Torres Domínguez, Lina María García Calderón, Diego Fernando Villaquirán Martínez, Andrea del Pilar Cáceres Franco, Fernando Castro Herrera 2010. Guía de los anfibios y reptiles. Área en conservación de la microcuenca Quebrada Pericos. [Valle de Cauca, Colombia]. Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca, Santiago de Cali: CVC, 37 pp. - get paper here
  • Cruz-Elizalde R, Ramírez-Bautista A, Pineda-López R, Mata-Silva V, DeSantis DL, García-Padilla E, Johnson JD, Rocha A, Fucsko LA, Wilson LD. 2022. The herpetofauna of Querétaro, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 16(1) [General Section]: 148–192 (e308) - get paper here
  • Cruz-García K, Barreno M, Cuadrado S, Moretta-Urdiales M, Molina-Moreira N, Salas JA, Torres-Domínguez Á, Narváez AE 2023. Amphibians and reptiles of Isla Santay (Durán, Ecuador). Check List 19(3): 347-369 - get paper here
  • Cuadrado, S. S., Loor, Y. A., Zambrano, R. H., & Narváez, A. E. 2023. Species Composition and Ecology of Diurnal Herpetofauna in Agroecosystems of the Ecuadorian Chocó. South American Journal of Herpetology, 29(1), 66-76
  • Curlis JD, Fisher EC, Muhic WK, Moy J, Garro-Cruz M, Montero-Ramírez JJ 2020. A survey of the reptiles and amphibians at the University of Georgia Costa Rica field station in San Luis de Monteverde, Costa Rica. Check List 16(6): 1433-1456 - get paper here
  • Dehling, D. Matthias & J. Maximilian Dehling 2008. Die Rauschuppige Lanzenotter – Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884). Draco 8 (33): 28-34 - get paper here
  • Dempfle, Carl-Erik 2012. Defibrinogenierungs-Syndrom nach Schlangenbiss von Grubenottern – Diskussion der Effekte anhand eines Fallberichtes. Draco 13 (51): 67-71 - get paper here
  • Díaz-Ricaurte, Juan C.; Sergio D. Cubides-Cubillos, Bruno Ferreto Fiorillo. 2018. Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884). Cuatro narices, mapaná, equis, víbora de terciopelo. Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia, 4(2): 8-22 - get paper here
  • Dixon, James R. and Julio A. Lemos-Espinal 2010. Amphibians and reptiles of the state of Queretaro, Mexico. Tlalnepantla UNAM, 428 pp.
  • ESCALANTE, RABY NUÑEZ & JARED MORENO CHINCHILLA. 2021. Predation by a tarantula (Sericoplma immensum) on a Terciopelo (Bothrops asper) in Sierpe de Osa, Costa Rica. Reptiles & Amphibians 28(3): 490–491. - get paper here
  • Farr, William L. and David Lazcano 2017. Distribution of Bothrops asper in Tamaulipas, Mexico and a review of prey items. Southwestern Naturalist 62 (1):77-84 - get paper here
  • FENWICK, ALLYSON M.; RONALD L. GUTBERLET JR, JENNAFER A. EVANS, CHRISTOPHER L. PARKINSON 2009. Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 617-640 - get paper here
  • Folleco-Fernández, Armando Javier 2010. TAXONOMÍA DEL COMPLEJO Bothrops asper (SERPENTES: VIPERIDÆ) EN EL SUDOESTE DE COLOMBIA. REVALIDACIÓN DE LA ESPECIE Bothrops rhombeatus (GARCÍA 1896) Y DESCRIPCIÓN DE UNA NUEVA ESPECIE. Revista Novedades Colombianas, 10(1): 33-70 - get paper here
  • FORTIER, RILEY. 2021. BOTHROPS ASPER (Fer-de-lance). DIET. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 148. - get paper here
  • Freire L., Antonio; Kuch, Ulrich 1994. A note on the geographical distribution of Bothrops asper (Garman, 1883) in Ecuador. The Snake 26 (2): 135-139
  • Fuentes, Rogemif; Aschcroft, Jesse; Erick Barría, Helio Quintero-Arrieta, Alexis Baules, Abel Batista, Eduardo Zambrano, Marcos Ponce 2023. Herpetological diversity in forests of Portobelo National Park, Colón Biological Corridor, Panama. Reptiles & Amphibians 30 (1): e18434 - get paper here
  • FUJISHIMA, KANTA; RYOBU FUKUYAMA & YURI ISHIBA. 2021. BOTHROPS ASPER (Fer-de-lance). DIET and OPHIOPHAGY. Herpetological Review 52 (3): 658. - get paper here
  • García-Padilla, E., Mata-Silva, V., Villalobos-Juárez, I., López-Esquivel, E. A., Lavariega, M. C., Rocha, A., DeSantis, D. L., Melgar-Martínez, A. I., Johnson, J. D., Fucsko, L. A., Lazcano, D., & Wilson, L. D. 2022. Anfibios y reptiles de la región de los Chimalapas, Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México:: composición, categorización distribucional, estado de conservación y significado para la biodiversidad. Biología Y Sociedad, 5(10), 37–76 - get paper here
  • Garman, Samuel 1884. The reptiles and batrachians of North America. Mem. Mus. comp. Zool, Cambridge (Massachusetts), 8 (3): xxxiv + 185 pp. [1883] [CNAH reprint 10] - get paper here
  • Garrett, C.M. 1997. Eternal spring: a glimpse of Guatemala. Fauna 1 (1): 54-63
  • González-Sánchez, V. H., J. D. Johnson, E. García-Padilla, V. Mata-Silva, D. L. DeSantis and L. D. Wilson. 2017. The Herpetofauna of the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(2): 264–380 - get paper here
  • Guerra Centeno, Dennis; Héctor Fuentes Rousselin & David Morán Villatoro 2012. Serpientes de Guatemala: Guía para didentificación de especies. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 186 pp.
  • Gutiérrez JM, Theakston RDG, Warrell DA 2006. Confronting the Neglected Problem of Snake Bite Envenoming: The Need for a Global Partnership. PLoS Med 3(6): e150 - get paper here
  • GUTIÉRREZ MAYÉN, MA. GUADALUPE Y JORGE SALAZAR ARENAS 2007. HERPETOFAUNA DE LOS MUNICIPIOS DE CAMOCUAUTLA, ZAPOTITLÁN DE MÉNDEZ Y HUITZILAN DE SERDÁN, DE LA SIERRA NORTE DE PUEBLA. HERPETOFAUNA DE TRES MUNICIPIOS DE LA SIERRA NORTE DE PUEBLA, pp.197-223
  • Hanscom, R. J., Higham, T. E., Ryan, D., & Clark, R. W. 2023. Ambush hunting in snakes: behaviour, function, and diversity. In: D. Penning (ed.), Snakes: morphology, function, and ecology. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers - get paper here
  • Hardy, David L., Sr. 1994. Snakebite and field biologists in México and Central America: Report on ten cases with recommendations for field management. Herpetological Natural History 2 (2): 67-82
  • Heimes, P. 2016. Snakes of Mexico. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 572 pp
  • Henderson, C.L. 2010. Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles of Costa Rica - A field guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, 198 pp.
  • Hilje B, Chaves G, Klank J, Timmerman F, Feltham J, Gillingwater S, Piraino T, Rojas E 2020. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Tirimbina Biological Reserve: a baseline for conservation, research and environmental education in a lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Check List 16(6): 1633-1655 - get paper here
  • Hoge, A.R. 1966. Preliminary account on Neotropical Crotalinae (Serpentes: Viperidae). Mem. Inst. Butantan 32 [1965]: 109-184 - get paper here
  • Johnson, Jerry D.; Vicente Mata-Silva, Elí García Padilla, and Larry David Wilson 2015. The Herpetofauna of Chiapas, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (3): 272–329. - get paper here
  • Jones, Megan A., Jason R. Straka and Kimiko Kayano. 2014. Bothrops asper (fer-de-lance) diet. Herpetological Review 45 (3): 512 - get paper here
  • JUSTINEK, UWE 2020. Für 6 Tage auf Schlangensuche in Costa Rica. Ophidia 14 (1): 15-26
  • Köhler, G. 2008. Reptiles of Central America. 2nd Ed. Herpeton-Verlag, 400 pp.
  • Koller, Rene 2005. Herpetologoische waarnemingen in Belize, deel 2: reptielen. Lacerta 63 (1): 4-19 - get paper here
  • Laita, Mark 2013. Serpentine. Abrams and PQ Blackwell, Auckland, New Zealand, 200 unnumbered pages
  • Laking AE, Solís JM, Brown T, Maddock ST, Burdekin O, Taylor P, Lonsdale G, Green SEW, Martin TE, Galdamez JR, Kolby JE, Erens J, Jocque M 2024. The amphibians and reptiles of Cusuco National Park, Northwest Honduras: updates from a long-term conservation programme. In: Lipińska M, Lopez-Selva MM, Sierra JM (Eds) Biodiversity research in Central America. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 19(2): 37-62 - get paper here
  • Lee, J. C. 2000. A field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the Maya world. Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
  • Lee, J.C. 1996. The amphibians and reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 500 pp.
  • Leenders, Twan 1995. The snakes of Rara Avis, Costa Rica II. Pit vipers (Crotalinae). Litteratura Serpentium 15 (1): 4-12
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Woolrich-Piña GA 2018. Amphibians and reptiles of the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, with comparisons with adjoining states. ZooKeys 753: 83-106 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. and James R. Dixon 2013. Amphibians and Reptiles of San Luis Potosí. Eagle Mountain Publishing, xii + 300 pp.
  • Lemos-Espinal, Julio A., Geoffrey R. Smith 2015. Amphibians and reptiles of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Check List 11 (3): 1642 - get paper here
  • Lewis, Todd R. 2001. The herpetofauna of La Suerte Biological Field Station, Cariari, Costa Rica; an updated field list with notes on species recorded in 1998. Herpetological Bulletin (76): 10-20. - get paper here
  • Lewis, Todd R; Rowland Griffin 2019. Cohabitation by Bothrops asper (Garman 1883) and Leptodactylus savagei (Heyer 2005). Herpetology Notes 12: 969-970 - get paper here
  • Londoño-Quiceno, Cristhian; Sergio Escobar-Lasso, Juan Camilo Zuluaga-Isaza, Luis Santiago Caicedo-Martínez 2020. Predation on Colombian Endemic Frog Rheobates palmatus (Werner, 1899) (Anura: Aromobatidae) by the Terciopelo Viper Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884) (Squamata: Viperidae). Herpetology Notes 13: 641-644 - get paper here
  • Martínez-Fonseca, José Gabriel, Kei Yasuda and Javier Sunyer. 2016. Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884). Nicaragua, Rivas. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (3): 777 - get paper here
  • Martínez-Fonseca JG, Holmes IA, Sunyer J, Westeen EP, Grundler MR, Cerda PA, Fernández-Mena MA, Loza-Molina JC, Monagan IV Jr., Nondorf D, Pandelis GG, Rabosky ARD 2023. A collection and analysis of amphibians and reptiles from Nicaragua with new country and departmental records. Check List 20(1): 58-125 - get paper here
  • MATA-LORENZEN, JUAN & ALEJANDRO SOLÓRZANO. 2021. BOTHROPS ASPER (Terciopelo). DIET. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 148–149. - get paper here
  • Mata-Silva, Vicente, Jerry D. Johnson, Larry David Wilson and Elí García-Padilla. 2015. The herpetofauna of Oaxaca, Mexico: composition, physiographic distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (1): 6–62 - get paper here
  • McCranie J R 2011. The snakes of Honduras. SSAR, Salt Lake City, 725 pp.
  • McCranie, J. & Castañeda, F.E. 2005. The herpetofauna of Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Honduras. Phyllomedusa 4 (1): 3-16 - get paper here
  • McCranie, James R. 2015. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed. Zootaxa 3931 (3): 352–386 - get paper here
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • Medina-Rangel, Guido Fabián 2013. CAMBIO EstACIOnAl En El UsO DE lOs RECURsOs DE lA COMUnIDAD DE REptIlEs En El COMplEJO CEnAgOsO DE ZApAtOsA, DEpARtAMEntO DEl CEsAR (Colombia). Caldasia 35 (1): 103-122 - get paper here
  • Melgar-Martínez, A. I., Ruan-Soto, F., Chankin-Chankayun, E., García-Padilla, E., Villalobos-Juárez, I., Mata-Silva, V., López-Esquivel, E.A.,Fucsko, L.A.; Lavariega, M.C.; Johnson, J.D.; Lazcano D. & Wilson, L. D. 2023. The amphibians and reptiles of the Northern Selva Lacandona:: Nahá and Metzabok, Ocosingo, Chiapas, México; with some ethnoherpetological notes. Biología y Sociedad, 6(12), 48-78 - get paper here
  • Monzel, Markus & Wolfgang Wüster 2008. Neotropische Grubenottern – Evolution, Biogeographie und Ökologie. Draco 8 (33): 4-27 - get paper here
  • Moody, Eric K. 2015. Bothrops asper (fer-de-lance) diet and feeding behavior. Herpetological Review 46 (2): 266-267 - get paper here
  • Mora, José Manuel and Manuel Merchán 2001. Bothrops asper in Costa Rica. Part 1 - Description and distribution. Reptilia (GB) (18):56-61 - get paper here
  • Müller,F. 1885. Vierter Nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 7: 668-717 - get paper here
  • Muñoz-Alonso, Luis Antonio; Jorge Nieblas-Camacho,<br>Marina Alba Chau-Cortez, Alondra Berenice González-Navarro, Jaime López-Pérez & Juan Pérez-López 2017. Diversidad de anfibios y reptiles en la Reservade la Biosfera Selva El Ocote: su vulnerabilidad ante la fragmentación y el cambio climático. In: Lorena Ruiz-Montoya et al. (eds), Vulnerabilidad social y biológica ante el cambio climático en la Re El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, pp.395-448 - get paper here
  • Neill, Wilfred T. and E. Ross Allen. 1959. Studies on the amphibians and reptiles of British Honduras. Publications of the Research Division Ross Allen's Reptiles Institute. 2 (1): 1-76
  • Nicholson, Kirsten E., James R. McCranie and Gunther Köhler 2000. Herpetofaunal expedition to Parque Nacional Patuca: a newly established park in Honduras. Herpetological Bulletin (72): 26-31. - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Páez, V.P. et al. 2002. Guía de campo de algunas especies de anfibios y reptiles de Antioquia. Universidad de Antioquia, - get paper here
  • Palacio-Baena, Jaime Alberto; Eliana María Muñoz Escobar; Sandra Milena Gallo Delgado; Mauricio Rivera Correa 2006. ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES DEL VALLE DE ABURRÁ Editorial Zuluaga, 92 pp. - get paper here
  • Parkinson,C.L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999 (3): 576-586 - get paper here
  • Pérez-Higareda, G. & H.M. Smith 1987. A Two-Headed Snake, Bothrops asper, from Southern Veracruz, Mexico Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 23(2): 72-73. - get paper here
  • Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno, A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp.
  • Pinto-Erazo, M.A., Calderón-Espinosa, M.L., Medina-Rangel, G.F. & Méndez-Galeano, M.A. 2020. Herpetofauna from two municipalities of southwestern Colombia. Biota Colombiana 21(1): 41-57. DOI: 10.21068/c2020.v21n01a04 - get paper here
  • Platt, Steven G., Thomas R. Rainwater, Jan C. Meerman and Stanlee M. Miller. 2016. Nature Notes. Notes on the diet, foraging behavior, and venom of some snakes in Belize. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (1): 162–170 - get paper here
  • Porras, L.W. & Solórzano, A. 2006. Die Schlangen Costa Ricas. Reptilia (Münster) 11 (61): 20-27 - get paper here
  • Posada ARANGO 1889. Note sure quelques solénoglyphes de Colombie. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 1889: 343-345 - get paper here
  • Ray, Julie M. and Patty Ruback 2015. Updated checklists of snakes for the provinces of Panamá and Panamá Oeste, Republic of Panama. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (2): 168-188 - get paper here
  • Ray, Julie M., and Greivin Pérez Huertas. 2016. Notes on the use of aquatic habitats by the Terciopelo, Bothrops asper, in Lower Central America. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (3): 735–738 - get paper here
  • Restrepo A, Molina-Zuluaga C, Hurtado JP, Marín CM, Daza JM 2017. Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia. Check List 13 (4): 203-237 - get paper here
  • Rieser, Jennifer M.; Tai-De Li, Jessica L. Tingle, Daniel I. Goldman, Joseph R. Mendelson 2021. Functional consequences of convergently evolved microscopic skin features on snake locomotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2021, 118 (6) e2018264118; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018264118 - get paper here
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Rovito, Sean Michael; Thomas James Devitt, Susan Cameron Devitt 2015. First survey of the amphibians and reptiles of the Nectandra Cloud Forest Reserve, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Check List 11 (2): 1570 - get paper here
  • RUEDA-SOLANO, LUÍS ALBERTO; JEINER CASTELLANOS- BARLIZA 2010. HERPETOFAUNA DE NEGUANJE, PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL TAYRONA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO. Acta biol. Colomb. 15 (1): 195 - 206 - get paper here
  • Salazar‐Valenzuela, D, Kuch, U, Torres‐Carvajal, O, Valencia, JH, Gibbs, HL. 2019. Divergence of tropical pitvipers promted by independent colonization events of dry montane Andean habitats. J Biogeogr. 46: 1826– 1840 - get paper here
  • Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Parkinson CL, Daza JM, Wüster W, Sasa M 2017. Phylogeography of the Central American lancehead Bothrops asper (SERPENTES: VIPERIDAE). PLoS One 12 (11): e0187969 - get paper here
  • Saldarriaga-Córdoba, Mónica María; Mahmood Sasa; Pardo, Marco Antonio Méndez 2009. Phenotypic differences in a cryptic predator: Factors influencing morphological variation in the terciopelo Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884; Serpentes: Viperidae). Toxicon 54: 923–937 - get paper here
  • Sánchez, F.C., A.G. Ruiz & E.G. Cano 1998. Cannibalism in Bothrops asper Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 34(3): 83-86. - get paper here
  • Santos-Barrera, Georgina; Jesus Pacheco, Fernando Mendoza-Quijano, Federico Bolaños,<br>Gerardo Cháves , Gretchen C. Daily, Paul R. Ehrlich & Gerardo Ceballos 2008. Diversity, natural history and conservation of amphibians and reptiles from the San Vito Region, southwestern Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 755-778 - get paper here
  • Sasa, M. 2002. Morphological variation in the lancehead pitviper Bothrops asper (Garman) (Serpentes: Viperidae) from Middle America. Revista de Biologia Tropical 50(1):259-272. - get paper here
  • Sasa, Mahmood; Barrantes, Ramiro 1998. Allozyme Variation in Populations of Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica. Herpetologica 54 (4): 462 - get paper here
  • Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, 934 pp. [review in Copeia 2003 (1): 205]
  • Schätti B; Kramer E 1993. Ecuadorianische Grubenottern der Gattungen Bothriechis, Bothrops und Porthidium (Serpentes: Viperidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 100 (2): 235-278 - get paper here
  • Scott Jr., N.J. & Limerick, S. 1983. Reptiles and Amhibians. In: Janzen, D.H. (ed.) Costa Rican Natural History. Univeristy of Chicago Press, pp. 351-
  • Segovia-Nuñez, Geovanny, Ana De Osma and Pablo J. Ramírez-Barajas. 2014. Bothrops asper (terciopelo) diet. Herpetological Review 45 (3): 512-513 - get paper here
  • Sethao, Richard 2008. Haltung, Pflege und Nachzucht neotropischer Lanzenottern der Gattung Bothrops am Beispiel von Bothrops asper und Bothrops venezuelensis. Draco 8 (33): 35-38 - get paper here
  • Sierra-Serrano, O. A., Castillo-Peñarredonda, C. J., & Jiménez-Bolaño, J. D. 2024. Xanthism in three wild snakes in Colombia. Reptiles & Amphibians, 31(1), e21531-e21531 - get paper here
  • Silva, K. M. P., Almeida-Santos, S. M. ., Bravo-Vega, C. A., & Sasa, M. 2023. Sexual maturity of Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) from Costa Rica. Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology, 22(1), 75-80 - get paper here
  • Silvano López-Gomez, Silvano, Jorge Iván Mendoza-Marroquín, Elí García-Padilla, Vicente Mata-Silva, Dominic L. DeSantis, Jerry D. Johnson and Larry David Wilson. 2016. Bothrops asper (Garman, 1883). Predation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(4): 1017–1019 - get paper here
  • Simón-Salvador PR, Arreortúa M, Flores CA, Santiago-Dionicio H, González-Bernal E 2021. The role of Indigenous and Community Conservation Areas in herpetofauna conservation: a preliminary list for Santa Cruz Tepetotutla, Oaxaca Mexico. ZooKeys 1029: 185-208 - get paper here
  • Solís, J. M., L. D. Wilson, and J. H. Townsend. 2014. An updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with comments on their nomenclature. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 123–144 - get paper here
  • Solorzano, A. 2004. Serpientes de Costa Rica - Snakes of Costa Rica. Editorial INBio, Costa Rica, 792 pp.
  • Solórzano, A. & L. Cerdas 1989. Reproductive Biology and Distribution of the Terciopelo, Bothrops asper Garman (Serpentes: Viperidae), in Costa Rica Herpetologica 45 (4): 444-450. - get paper here
  • Sosa-Bartuano, Á., Y. J. Añino Ramos, and A. Santos Murgas. 2017. Bothrops asper (Garman, 1883). Diet. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(2): 423–424 - get paper here
  • Steinke, Julie A. 2016. A Comparative Study of Herpetofauna in a Primary Forest and Reforested Area in Coastal Ecuador. Journal of Young Investigators 30 (4): 14-19 - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier 2014. An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1 (2): 186–202. - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier & José́ Gabriel Martínez-Fonseca 2023. An updated country checklist to the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. REVISTA NICARAGÜENSE DE BIODIVERSIDAD (100): 1-25 - get paper here
  • Taylor,E.H. 1949. A preliminary account of the herpetology of the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 33 (2): 169-215 - get paper here
  • Tepos-Ramírez M, Garduño-Fonseca FS, Peralta-Robles CA, García-Rubio OR, Cervantes Jiménez R 2023. Annotated checklist of amphibians and reptiles from Querétaro, Mexico, including new records, and comments on controversial species. Check List 19(2): 269-292 - get paper here
  • Terán-Juárez, Sergio A., Elí García Padilla, Vicente Mata-Silva, Jerry D. Johnson and Larry David Wilson. 2016. The herpetofauna of Tamaulipas, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (1): 43–113 - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here
  • Torres-Hernández, LA, Ramírez-Bautista A, Cruz-Elizalde R, Hernández-Salinas U, Berriozabal-Islas C, DeSantis DL, Johnson JD, Rocha A, García-Padilla E, Mata-Silva V, Fucsko LA, and Wilson LD. 2021. The herpetofauna of Veracruz, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 15(2) [General Section]: 72–155 - get paper here
  • TOSZEGHI, MORIC F.; ANYELET VALENCIA-AGUILAR, RABY NUÑEZ ESCALANTE, FRANCESCA N. ANGIOLANI-LARREA, MARINA GARRIDO-PRIEGO, JAIME CULEBRAS & EVA RINGLER. 2022. Predation on Dermophis sp. (Gymnophiona: Dermophiidae) by Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in La Gamba Field Station, Costa Rica. Herpetology Notes 15: 307–309. - get paper here
  • Townsend, J. H., L. D. Wilson, M. Medina-Flores, E. Aguilar-Urbina, B. K. Atkinson et al. 2012. A premontane hotspot for herpetological endemism on the windward side of Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texíguat, Honduras. Salamandra 48 (2): 92-114 - get paper here
  • Urbina-Cardona, J. Nicolás; Mario Olivares-Pérez, Víctor Hugo Reynoso 2006. Herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture–edge–interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve of Veracruz, Mexico. Biological Conservation 132: 61–75 - get paper here
  • Valencia, J. H., K. Garzón-Tello & M. E. Barragán-Paladines 2016. Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistemática, taxonomía, historia natural, conservación, envenenamiento y aspectos antropológicos. Quito, Ecuador, Fundación Herpetológica Gustavo Orcés, Universidad de Texas, Fondo Ambiental Nacional, 652 pp. [review in HR 49 (1): 152, 2018]
  • Valencia-Zuleta A, Jaramillo-Martínez AF, Echeverry-Bocanegra A, Viáfara-Vega R, Hernández-Córdoba O, Cardona-Botero VE, Gutiérrez-Zúñiga J, Castro-Herrera F. 2014. Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8 (2): 1–18 (e87) - get paper here
  • Vásquez-Cruz, Víctor; Luis Canseco-Márquez 2020. AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILES OF THE COLONIA AGRÍCOLA RINCÓN DE LAS FLORES, TEZONAPA, VERACRUZ, MEXICO. Rev. Latinoamer. Herp. 3 (1): 66-80 - get paper here
  • Vaughan, Matthew S. and Ryan A. Steele. 2014. Bothrops asper (terciopelo) parthenogenetic reproduction. Herpetological Review 45 (4): 705 - get paper here
  • Vega-Coto, Jonathan; DanielRamírez-Arce, Wouter Baaijen, Allan Artavia-León, and Alejandro Zúñiga 2015. Bothrops asper. Arboreal behavior. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (2): 199-201 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Wasko, Dennis K. and Mahmood Sasa 2010. HABITAT SELECTION OF THE TERCIOPELO (SERPENTES: VIPERIDAE: BOTHROPS ASPER) IN A LOWLAND RAINFOREST IN COSTA RICA. Herpetologica 66 (2): 148 - get paper here
  • Wasko, Dennis K.; Mahmood Sasa 2012. Food resources influence spatial ecology, habitat selection, and foraging behavior in an ambush-hunting snake (Viperidae:Bothrops asper): an experimental study. Zoology 115 (3): 179-187 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2011. Lohnende Reiseziele für Amphibien- und Reptilienfreunde in Costa Rica. Draco 12 (45): 22-39 - get paper here
  • Woolrich-Piña, G. A., E. García-Padilla, D. L. DeSantis, J. D. Johnson, V. Mata-Silva, and L. D. Wilson 2017. The herpetofauna of Puebla, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(4): 791–884 - get paper here
  • Zipkin, Elise F.; Graziella V. DiRenzo, Julie M. Ray, Sam Rossman, Karen R. Lips 2020. Tropical snake diversity collapses after widespread amphibian loss. Science 367: 814–816 - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator