Callisaurus draconoides BLAINVILLE, 1835

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Higher Taxa	Phrynosomatidae, Phrynosomatinae, Callisaurini; Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies	Callisaurus draconoides bogerti MARTIN DEL CAMPO 1943 Callisaurus draconoides brevipes BOGERT & DORSON 1942 Callisaurus draconoides carmenensis DICKERSON 1919 Callisaurus draconoides crinitus COPE 1896 Callisaurus draconoides draconoides BLAINVILLE 1835 Callisaurus draconoides inusitatus DICKERSON 1919 Callisaurus draconoides myurus RICHARDSON 1915 Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus COPE 1896 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (HALLOWELL 1852)
Common Names	E: Zebra-tailed Lizard G: Zebraschwanzleguan myurus: Northern Zebratail Lizard, Nevada Zebratail Lizard rhodostictus: Western Zebratail Lizard, Mojave Zebratail Lizard ventralis: Eastern Zebratail Lizard, Arizona Zebratail Lizard S: Cachora Arenera
Synonym	Callisaurus draconoides BLAINVILLE 1835: 286 Callisaurus draconoides — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 326 Homolosaurus ventralis HALLOWELL 1852: 179 Callisaurus draconoides — BOULENGER 1885: 206 Callisaurus rhodostictus COPE 1896 Callisaurus splendidus DICKERSON 1919: 467 (fide GRISMER 1999) Callisaurus draconoides — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 86 Callisaurus draconoides — STEBBINS 1985: 117 Callisaurus draconoides — LINER 1994 Callisaurus draconoides — CROTHER et al. 2012 Callisaurus splendidus — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015 Callisaurus draconoides — HEIMES 2022 Callisaurus draconoides bogerti MARTIN DEL CAMPO 1943 Callisaurus draconoides bogerti — FUGLER & DIXON 1961 Callisaurus draconoides bogerti — HARDY 1969: 116 Callisaurus draconoides bogerti — WEBB 1984 Callisaurus draconoides brevipes BOGERT & DORSON 1942 Callisaurus draconoides brevipes — ZWEIFEL & NORRIS 1955: 234 Callisaurus draconoides brevipes — HARDY 1969: 117 Callisaurus draconoides carmenensis DICKERSON 1919 Callisaurus carmenensis DICKERSON 1919: 465 Callisaurus plasticus DICKERSON 1919: 466 Callisaurus draconoides carmenensis — ZWEIFEL 1958 Callisaurus draconoides crinitus COPE 1896 Callisaurus crinitus COPE 1896: 1049 Callisaurus draconoides crinitus — TEVIS 1944 Callisaurus draconoides crinitus — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 87 Callisaurus draconoides crinitus — BOSTIC 1971 Callisaurus draconoides crinitus — GRISMER 2020 Callisaurus draconoides inusitatus DICKERSON 1919 Callisaurus inusitatus DICKERSON 1919: 465 Callisaurus draconoides inusitatus — TAYLOR 1938: 482 Callisaurus draconoides inusitatus — REYES et al. 2014 Callisaurus draconoides myurus RICHARDSON 1915 Callisaurus ventralis myurus — VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921 Callisaurus draconoides myurus — SMITH 1946 Callisaurus draconoides myurus — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 Callisaurus draconoides myurus — CROTHER et al. 2012 Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus COPE 1896 Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus — SMITH & COCHRAN 1956 Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus — BOSTIC 1971 Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus — CROTHER et al. 2012 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (HALLOWELL 1852) Homalosaurus ventralis HALLOWELL 1852 Callisaurus ventralis — STEJNEGER 1893: 170 Callisaurus ventralis — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 97 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — COPE 1900 Callisaurus draconoides gabbii COPE 1900: 272 Callisaurus ventralis — VAN DENBURGH 1912 Callisaurus ventralis ventralis — VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921 Callisaurus ventralis — ORTENBURGER & ORTENBURGER 1927 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — BURT 1933 Callisaurus draconoides gabbii — KLAUBER 1934: 9 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — GLOYD 1937 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — SMITH 1946 Callisaurus draconoides gabbi — SMITH 1946 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — ZWEIFEL & NORRIS 1955 Callisaurus draconoides gabbi — ETHERIDGE 1964 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — CROTHER et al. 2012
Distribution	USA (SW California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa) bogerti: Mexico (Sinaloa, Mazatlán). Type locality: Isla de los Chivos, en el Puerto de Mazatlán, Sinaloa. brevipes: Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora); Type locality: Guirocoba, 18 miles southeast Alamos, Sonora. carmenensis: Camen Island, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. inusitanus: Mexico (Sonora) Type locality: California. Restricted to Cape San Lucas, Baja California by SMITH & TAYLOR 1950. splendidus: endemic to Isla Ángel de La Guarda. rhodostictus: California, Arizona, Baja California ventralis: Arizona, California, Nevada (fide BURT 1933)
Reproduction	oviparous.<br>Hybridization: Dickerson 1919 speculated that both inusitatus and plasticus “very possibly, in fact probably, intergrade with Callisaurus ventralis ventralis” (= C. d. ventralis).
Types	Holotype: MNHN-RA 0812 (by monotypy) Holotype: CNAR (cited as Inst. Biol. Mexico; Victoriano Rodriguez collector. [bogerti] Holotype: AMNH 63668; J. W. Hilton collector. [brevipes] Holotype: USNM 14895 [crinitus] Holotype: AMNH 538, USNM 642538 [carmenensis] Syntypes: (2) ANSP 8548, 12788; northern Lower California [gabbii] Syntypes: AMNH 5324, USNM 64256 [inusitatus] Holotype: USNM 51786 [myurus] Syntypes: USNM 21504 [rhodostictus] Holotype: USNM 64254, given as AMNH 5372, paratype: AMNH 5338 [Callisaurus splendidus] Holotype: USNM 2670; S. W. Woodhouse collector. [ventralis] Holotype: USNM 64255 [Callisaurus plasticus]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis: Zebra-tailed Lizards (Callisaurus draconoides) have external ear openings and the 2 black bands are farther forward on the sides and belly. Elegant (Holbrookia elegans) and Common Lesser Earless Lizards (Holbrookia maculata) have smaller black bands that are farther forward, and lack black markings on the ventral tail surface (Howland in Jones & Lovich 2009: 146). Additional details (3664 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Synonymy: Grismer (1999) synonymized Callisaurus draconoides splendidus with C. draconoides after examining species from the adjacent peninsula. These specimen cannot be distinguished clearly from the island populations of “splendidus”. BURT 1933 listed Callisaurus draconoides myurus RICHARDSON 1915 as a synonym of Callisaurus draconoides ventralis. Type species: Callisaurus draconoides is the type species of the genus Callisaurus BLAINVILLE 1835. Diet: a large percentage of the diet of this species (10-30%) consists of ants (Lucas et al. 2023).
Etymology	Named after Greek dracon (δράκων), dragon, serpent + Greek -oides (-οειδής), suffix indicating likeness. [?]. C. d. bogerti was named after Charles Mitchill Bogert (1908-1992), US American herpetologist. C. d. brevipes was named after Latin brevis, short, little, small, stunted + Latin pes, foot. ["… differing from that form in having relatively shorter feet…"] C. d. carmenensis was named after the type locality, Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. C. d. crinitus was named after Latin crinitus, hairy; having long locks, long haired. ["…Second, third and fourth fingers with well-developed fringes, which are weak on the inner side of the second and third. External side of second, third and fourth toes with well-developed fringe..."]. C. d. inusitatus was named after Latin inusitatus, unusual, uncommon; strange, unfamiliar, “in reference to the union inferiorly of the black lateroventral bands, unknown in any other species of Callisaurus or in Holbrookia”. C. d. myurus was named after Greek mys (μῦς), muscle + Greek oura (οὐρᾷ), tail. [?]. C. d. rhodostictus was named after Greek rhodon (ῥόδον), rose + Greek stiktos (στικτός), marked with spots, dappled. ["...In front of the blue patch and posterior to the axilla a large rosy spot. A large rosy spot on the gular region…"]. C. d. ventralis was named after Latin ventralis, referred to the stomach, womb or belly. ["...abdomen silvery white, with two longitudinal blue colored blotches having two oblique bars of black running across them…"]. The genus was named after Greek kalos (καλός) = beautiful + Greek saura (σαύρα), lizard. ["...nous avons été forcés d'en former un petit genre distinct auquel nous avons donné le nom de callisaurus pour indiquer la gentillesse de ce petit animal..."].
References	Adest, Gary Andrew 1987. Genetic differentiation among populations of the zebratail lizard, Callisaurus draconoides (Sauria: Iguanidae). Copeia 1987 (4): 854-859 - get paper here Bergmann, P.J.; Hobbs, A.M.; Kavalanch, M.L. & Russell, A.P. 2004. Modulated but conserved segmental growth of the original tail in Callisaurus draconoides (Phrynosomatidae) and Calotes versicolor (Agamidae). Herpetologica 60 (1): 62-74 - get paper here Bezy, R. L., P. C. Rosen, T. R. Van Devender, and E. F. Enderson. 2017. Southern distributional limits of the Sonoran Desert herpetofauna along the mainland coast of northwestern Mexico. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(1): 138–167 - get paper here Bezy, R.L. 2011. Zebra-tailed Lizard, Callisaurus draconoides Blainville, 1853. Herpetofauna of the 100 Mile Circle. Sonoran Herpetologist 24 (3):23-26. - get paper here Blackburn, D.G. 1994. Standardized criteria for the recognition of embryonic nutritional patterns in squamate reptiles. Copeia 1994 (4): 925-935 - get paper here Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de 1835. Description de quelques espèces de reptiles de la Californie précédée de l’analyse d’un système général d’erpétologie et d’amphibiologie. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 233-296 - get paper here Bogert, Charles M.;Dorson, E. E. 1942. A new lizard of the genus Callisaurus from Sonora. Copeia 1942 (3): 173-175 - get paper here Bonetti, Mathilde 2002. 100 Sauri. Mondadori (Milano), 192 pp. - get paper here Bostic, D. L. 1971. Herpetofauna of the Pacific Coast of north central Baja California, Mexico, with a description of a new subspecies of Phyllodactylus xanti. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 16:237—263 - get paper here Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp. - get paper here Burré, G. 2002. Begegnungen mit Iguaniden im Südwesten der USA. Iguana Rundschreiben 15 (2): 13-21 Burt, Charles E. 1931. On the occurrence of a throat-fan in Callisaurus ventralis gabbi and two species of Crotaphytus. Copeia 1931 (2): 58 - get paper here Burt, Charles E. 1933. Some lizards from the Great Basin of the West and adjacent areas, with comments on the status of various forms. American Midland Naturalist 14: 228-250 - get paper here Cavalcanti, Lucas B Q; Gabriel C Costa, Guarino R Colli, Eric R Pianka, Laurie J Vitt, Daniel O Mesquita 2023. Myrmecophagy in lizards: evolutionary and ecological implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2023;, zlad175, - get paper here Clark, Howard O.; Jr. 2017. Herpetofauna Inventory on a Small Mammal Trapping Grid. Sonoran Herpetologist 30 (2): 42 - get paper here Collins, J.T. and T. W. Taggart 2009. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Sixth Edition. 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Evolution on a desert island: body size divergence between the reptiles of Nevada's Anaho Island and the mainland around Pyramid Lake. Journal of Zoology, 291: 269–278. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12066 - get paper here Klauber, L. M. 1934. Annotated list of the amphibians and reptiles of the southern border of California. Bulletins of the Zoological Society of San Diego (11): 1-28 - get paper here Klauber, L. M. 1939. Index to the scientific names in studies of reptile life in the arid southwest. Bulletins of the Zoological Society of San Diego 14: 1-2 - get paper here Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR 2020. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa, Mexico with a conservation status summary and comparisons with neighboring states. ZooKeys 931: 85-114 - get paper here Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Rorabaugh JC 2019. A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sonora, Mexico, with updated species lists. ZooKeys 829: 131-160 - get paper here Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. (ed.) 2015. Amphibians and Reptiles of the US - Mexico Border States / Anfibios y Reptiles de los Estados de la Frontera México - Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. x + 614 pp.; ISBN 978-1-62349-306-6. - get paper here Leviton, Alan E.; Banta, Benjamin H. 1964. Midwinter reconnaissance of the herpetofauna of the Cape Region of Baja California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 30 (7): 127-156 - get paper here Lindell, Johan; Fausto R. Méndez-de la Cruz and Robert W. Murphy 2005. Deep genealogical history without population differentiation: Discordance between mtDNA and allozyme divergence in the zebra-tailed lizard (Callisaurus draconoides). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36 (3): 682-694 - get paper here Martín del CAMPO, R. 1943. An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Auton. Mexico, 14: 619. Mocquard, M.F. 1899. Contribution a la faune herpétologique de la Basse-Californie. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. 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Snell Press, 184 pp. [ISBN 9780985577117] Peralta-García A, Valdez-Villavicencio JH, Fucsko LA, Hollingsworth BD, Johnson JD, Mata-Silva V, Rocha A, DeSantis DL, Porras LW, and Wilson LD. 2023. The herpetofauna of the Baja California Peninsula and its adjacent islands, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 17(1&2): 57–142 Pérez-Delgadillo, Ana G., Rafael A. Lara-Resendiz, Jorge H. Valdez-Villavicencio, Diego M. Arenas-Moreno, Saúl F. Domínguez-Guerrero, Patricia Galina-Tessaro & Fausto R. Méndez-de la Cruz. 2021. Thermal ecology of a thermophilic lizard Callisaurus draconoides through a latitudinal gradient. Journal of Arid Environments 195: 104634. - get paper here Peterson, J. A. 1984. The microstructure of the scale surface in iguanid lizards. Journal of Herpetology 18 (4): 437-467 - get paper here Pianka, E. R. 1966. Convexity, desert lizards, and spatial heterogeneity. Ecology 47 (6): 1055-1059 - get paper here Pianka, E. R. 1967. On lizard species diversity: North American flatland deserts. Ecology 48 (3): 333-351 - get paper here Pianka, E. R.;Parker, W. S. 1972. Ecology of the iguanid lizard Callisaurus draconoides. Copeia 1972 (3): 493-508 - get paper here Pianka, Eric R. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 53-74 - get paper here Richardson, C.H. 1915. Reptiles of northwestern Nevada and adjacent territory. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 48: 403-435 - get paper here Smith, H.M. & Taylor,E.H. 1950. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes. Bull. US Natl. Mus. 199: 1-253 - get paper here Smith, Hobart M. 1939. An annotated list of the Mexican amphibians and reptiles in the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 27: 311-320 Smith, Hobart M. 1946. Handbook of Lizards: Lizards of the United States and of Canada. Comstock, Ithaca, NY, xxii + 557 pp. Smith, Hobart M.;Cochran, Doris 1956. Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus Cope revived for the western fringe-footed lizard, Callisaurus draconoides gabbi Cope. Herpetologica 12: 153-154 - get paper here Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston Stejneger, L.H. 1893. Annotated list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by the Death Valley Expedition in 1891, with descriptions of new species. North American Fauna, No. 7: 159-228 (+ 14 plates + 4 maps) - get paper here Tanner, W.W. & J.E. Krogh 1974. Variations in Activity as Seen in Four Sympatric Lizard Species of Southern Nevada Herpetologica 30 (3): 303-308. - get paper here Tanner, W.W. & J.E. Krogh 1975. Ecology of the Zebra-Tailed Lizard Callisaurus draconoides at the Nevada Test Site Herpetologica 31 (3): 302-316. - get paper here Taylor, Edward Harrison 1938. Notes on the herpetological fauna of the Mexican state of Sonora. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 24 (19): 475-503 [1936] - get paper here Tevis, lloyd, Jr. 1944. Herpetological notes from lower California. Copeia 1944 (1): 6-18 - get paper here Van Denburgh, John 1912. Notes on a collection of reptiles from Southern California and Arizona. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 3: 147-154 - get paper here Van Denburgh,J. 1895. A review of the herpetology of Lower California. Part I - Reptiles. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2) 5: 77-163 - get paper here Van Denburgh,J. and Slevin,J.R. 1921. A list of the amphibians and reptiles of Nevada, with notes on the species in the collection of the academy. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4) 11 (2): 27-38 - get paper here Villegas-Patraca R, Aguilar-López JL, Hernández-Hernández JC, Muñoz-Jiménez O 2022. Diversity and conservation of terrestrial vertebrates (birds, mammals, and reptiles) of Sierra Cucapá, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. ZooKeys 1088: 17-39 - get paper here Vitt, L.J. & H.J. Price 1982. Ecological and Evolutionary Determinants of Relative Clutch Mass in Lizards [contains a large list of data for numerous species] Herpetologica 38 (1): 237-255. - get paper here Vitt, L.J. & R.D. Ohmart 1977. Ecology and Reproduction of Lower Colorado River Lizards: II. Cnemidophorus tigris (Teiidae), with Comparisons Herpetologica 33 (2): 223-234. - get paper here Vitt, L.J. & R.D. Ohmart 1977. Ecology and Reproduction of Lower Colorado River Lizards: I. Callisaurus draconoides (Iguanidae) Herpetologica 33 (2): 214-222. - get paper here Werning, H. 2018. Nordamerikanische Kleinleguane – Die Familie Phrynosomatidae. Reptilia 23 (131): 14-19 Werning, Heiko 2012. Die Reptilien und Amphibien des Südwestens. Draco 13 (50): 18-60 - get paper here Werning, Heiko 2013. Best of Southwest. Mit der Familie auf Reptiliensuche. Ein kleiner Reiseführer durch den Südwesten der USA. Reptilia (Münster) 18 (101): 82-93 - get paper here Werning, Heiko 2014. Leguane im „Wilden Westen“. Terraria-Elaphe 2014 (2): 16-25 - get paper here Wong, Humberto; Mellink, Eric; Hollingsworth, Bradford D. 1995. Proposed recent overwater dispersal by Callisaurus draconoides to Isla Danzante, Gulf of California, México. Herpetological Natural History 3 (2): 179-182 Zweifel, Richard G. 1958. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico 2. Notes on reptiles and amphibians from the Pacific Coastal Islands of Baja California. American Museum Novitates (1895): 1-17 - get paper here Zweifel,R.G. and Norris,K.S. 1955. Contributions to the herpetology of Sonora, Mexico:Descriptions of new subspecies of snakes (Micruroides euryxanthus and Lampropeltis getulus) and miscellaneous collecting notes. American Midland Naturalist 54: 230-249 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/pages/c.d.rhodostictus.html http://www.wildherps.com/species/C.draconoides.html Google images

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