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Ceratophora aspera GÜNTHER, 1864

IUCN Red List - Ceratophora aspera - Vulnerable, VU
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Higher TaxaAgamidae (Draconinae), Sauria, Iguania, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Sri Lanka Horned Agama
G: Hornagame, Spitznase 
SynonymCeratophora aspera GÜNTHER 1864: 131
Ceratophora aspera — FERGUSON 1877: 13
Ceratophora aspera — BOULENGER 1885: 278
Ceratophora aspera — SMITH 1935: 154
Ceratophora aspera — TAYLOR 1953: 1561
Ceratophora aspera — MANTHEY & SCHUSTER 1999: 41
Ceratophora aspera — SOMAWEERA & SOMAWEERA 2009
Ceratophora aspera — KARUNARATHNA et al. 2020 
DistributionSri Lanka (Ceylon), up to 900 m elevation

Type locality: Ceylon  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: BMNH 1946.8.30.51-52, ZMB 5120-21, "Ceylon" 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Ceratophora aspera is distinguished from all other Ceratophora by the presence of a visible and palpable squamosal process (absent in all other Ceratophora).


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CommentSynonymy: may include Ceratophora ukuwelai, see that entry.

Habitat: ground-dwelling

Abundance: “Uncommon” in Sri Lanka (BAHIR & SURASINGHE 2005).

Similar species: Ceratophora ukuwelai 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “asper(a)” = rough. 
References
  • Amarasinghe, A. A. T.; U. Manthey, E. Stöckli, I. Ineich, S. 0 Kullander, F. Tiedemann, C. McCarthy & D. E. Gabadage 2009. The original descriptions and figures of Sri Lankan agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae) ofthe 18th and 19th centuries. Taprobanica 1 (1): 2-15 - get paper here
  • Bahir, M.M. & T. Surasinghe 2005. A conservation assessment of the Sri Lankan Agamidae (Reptilia: Sauria). Raffles Bull. Zool., Suppl. No. 12: 407-412 - get paper here
  • Botejue, W. Madhava S.; Jayantha Wattavidanage 2012. Herpetofaunal diversity and distribution in Kalugala proposed forest reserve, Western province of Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 65-80(e38). - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygopodidae, Agamidae. London: 450 pp. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, George A. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp. - get paper here
  • Das, Indraneil & Abhijit Das 2017. A Naturalist’s Guide to the Reptiles of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. John Beaufoy Publishing Ltd., Oxford, 176 pp.
  • De SILVA 1994. An introduction to the herpetofauna of Sri Lanka. Lyriocephalus, 1 (1-2): 3-19
  • Ferguson, W. 1877. Reptile fauna of Ceylon. Letter on a collection sent to the Colombo Museum. Herbert, Ceylon
  • Günther, A. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. London (Taylor & Francis), xxvii + 452 pp. - get paper here
  • Janssen, Jordi and Anslem de Silva 2019. The presence of protected reptiles from Sri Lanka in international commercial trade. TRAFFIC Bulletin 31 (1): 9 - get paper here
  • Janzen, P. 2003. Sinharaja - Der Regenwald des Löwenkönigs. Draco 4 (15): 26-33 - get paper here
  • Janzen, P.; Klaas, P. & Ziesmann, S. 2007. Die Agamen der Insel [Sri Lanka]. Draco 7 (30): 24-33 - get paper here
  • Karunarathna S, Poyarkov NA, Amarasinghe C, Surasinghe T, Bushuev AV, Madawala M, Gorin VA, De Silva A. 2020. A new species of the genus Ceratophora Gray, 1835 (Reptilia: Agamidae) from a lowland rainforest in Sri Lanka, with insights on rostral appendage evolution in Sri Lankan agamid lizards. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 14(3) [Taxonomy Section]: 103–126 (e259)
  • Krvavac, Milivoje; Malaka Bopage, Krishan Wewalwala, Olivera Bjelić-Cabrilo, Ester Popović, Olga Jovanovic 2015. Reproductive Behavior of the Vulnerable Rough Nose Horned Lizard, Ceratophora aspera (Sauria, Agamidae) from Sri Lanka. Russ. J. Herpetol. 22 (2): 145-148
  • Macey, J. R., J. A. Schulte II, A. Larson, N. B. Ananjeva, Y. Wang, R. Pethiyagoda, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, T. J. Papenfuss 2000. Evaluating trans-Tethys migration: an example using acrodont lizard phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 49 (2): 233-256 - get paper here
  • Manthey, U. 1981. Die Echsen des Ceylonischen Regenwaldes und seiner Randgebiete. Sauria 3 (2): 25-35 - get paper here
  • Manthey,U. & SCHUSTER,N. 1999. Agamen, 2. Aufl. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 120 pp. - get paper here
  • Müller, Friedrich 1881. Zweiter Nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums [1881 printed on paper]. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 7 (2): 166-174. - get paper here
  • Pethiyagoda, R. & K. Manamendra-Arachchi 1998. A revision of the endemic Sri Lankan agamid lizard genus Ceratophora Gray, 1835, with description of two new species. Journal of South Asian natural History 3 (1): 1
  • Samarawickrama, V.A.M.P.K.; H.I.G.C. Kumara, D.R.N.S. Samarawickrama 2019. Diversity of Reptiles in the Eastern and Southern parts of the Sinharaja Rain Forest. Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment - get paper here
  • Schulte, II , James A.; J. Robert Macey, Rohan Pethiyagoda and Allan Larson 2002. Rostral Horn Evolution among Agamid Lizards of the Genus Ceratophora Endemic to Sri Lanka. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 111-117 - get paper here
  • Smith, M.A. 1935. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptiles and Amphibia, Vol. II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London, 440 pp.
  • Somaweera, R. & Somaweera, N. 2009. Lizards of Sri Lanka: a colour guide with field keys. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 304 pp.
  • Taylor, E.H. 1953. A review of the lizards of Ceylon. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 35 (12): 1525-1585 - get paper here
  • Wijerathne, I., Karunarathna, S., Sursinghe, T., Vidanapathirana, D. R., Ukuwela, K., Wickramasinghe, S., ... & Fernando, S. 2025. Identification of Priority Areas for Conservation of Threatened Agamid Lizards of Sri Lanka Using Species Distribution Modeling. Integrative Conservation - get paper here
  • Wikramanayake, S. A., Wikramanayake, E. D., Pallewatta, N., & Leaché, A. D. 2021. Integration of genetic structure into conservation of an endangered, endemic lizard, Ceratophora aspera: A case study from Sri Lanka. Biotropica - get paper here
 
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