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Cerberus rynchops (SCHNEIDER, 1799)

IUCN Red List - Cerberus rynchops - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaHomalopsidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: South Asian Bockadam, New Guinea bockadam, Dog-faced Water Snake
G: Hundskopf-Wassertrugnatter 
SynonymHydrus rynchops SCHNEIDER 1799: 246
Hydrus cinereus SHAW 1802
Coluber cerberus DAUDIN 1803: 167
Python rhynchops — MERREM 1820: 90
Homalopsis cerberus — FITZINGER 1826
Homalopsis molurus H. BOIE 1826
Homalopsis rhynchops — BOIE 1827
Cerberus cerberus — CUVIER 1829
Cerberus cinereus — CANTOR 1839
Homalopsis rhinchops (sic) — CANTOR 1847
Cerberus rhynchops — GÜNTHER 1864: 279
Cerberus rhynchops — ANDERSON 1871: 179
Hurria rynchops — STEJNEGER 1907: 304
Hurria rynchops — MERTENS 1930
Cerberus rynchops — SMITH 1930
Cerberus rynchops rynchops — LOVERIDGE 1948
Cerberus rhynchops [sic]— BOULENGER 1894: 84
Cerberus rhynchops — WALL 1921: 257
Cerberus rynchops — SMITH 1943
Cerberus rhynchops — HENDRICKSON 1966
Cerberus rynchops — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 331
Cerberus rynchops — COGGER 2000: 619
Cerberus rynchops — COX et al. 1998: 39
Cerberus rhynchops — MURTHY 2010
Cerberus rynchops — MURPHY & VORIS 2014: 12
Cerberus rynchops — WALLACH et al. 2014: 155 
Distributioncoastal areas of India (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana etc.), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, NW Malaysia

Type locality: “Ganjam” (Orissa = Odisha State, SE India), (~19°22’N 85°03’E). There are at least two other localities on India’s east coast that contain the name “Ganjam:” Chinna Ganjam and Pedda Ganjam. Both of these are south of Ganjam, all three locations are coastal and within the range of this species. MURPHY et al. 2012 restricted the type locality to Ganjam, India.  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesHolotype: iconotype, based on illustration in Russell’s (1796) Indian Serpents 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Cerberus can be distinguished from all other homalopsid snakes with nasal scales in contact by: keeled, striated dorsal scales; absence of rostral appendages; and parietal scales that are partially or completely fragmented. It differs from its sister, Homalopsis, in having fewer scale rows (21–31 at midbody in Cerberus, 33– 49 rows in Homalopsis) and fragmented parietal scales. Most specimens are less than one meter, and the maximum size for most species is less than 1.2 m. The tail is 16–29% of the snout-vent length (SVL). Females are larger than males in the species where both sexes could be examined. Head plates (prefrontal, frontal, and parietals) show a strong tendency to fragment into smaller scales. One or more large posterior upper labials are horizontally divided. Subocular scales may or may not be present, even within a single population. Temporal scales are small and not plate-like. Dorsal scale rows at midbody range from 21–31; however most specimens of most species have 23, 2, or 29 rows at midbody. Dorsal scale ornamentation consists of a strongly striated surface with central keel when viewed with a binocular light microscope with 10x magnification, and some individuals have tubercles on head scales. Ventral scales range from 134–172 and subcaudal scales range from 42–7. Anterior maxillary teeth number 12–19 and are followed by a diastema and a pair of deeply grooved fangs. Three pairs of chin shields are present and the first pair is usually the largest. 
CommentSynonymy: partly after MURPHY et al. 2012 (see there for more details).

Distribution: Populations from Philippines (Panay), Timor-Leste, Indonesia (Sumatra), Palau etc. have been assigned to C. schneideri (see map in Murphy et al. 2012: 3 (Fig. 1)). Not in Borneo fide Das 2023.

Ecology: This is a saltwater tolaterant species. Not in Pakistan fide KHAN 2002 (pers. comm.)

Type species: Coluber cerberus Daudin (=Hydrus rynchops Schneider) is the type species of the genus Cerberus CUVIER 1829: 81.

Habitat: mangrove forests and mudflats along the shores of brackish estuarine and marine coastal environments (Greer, 1997; Karns et al., 2000); occasionally found in freshwater as well and on sheltered sandy coasts.

Diet: mainly fish (Jayne et al., 1988), crustaceans, tadpoles and frogs (Voris & Murphy, 2002)

Phylogenetics: Note that ALFARO et al. (2004) indicated that C. r. rynchops of Gyi could be split into four to five phylogenetic species correlated with biogeographical regions and C. microlepis was included in the Philippines Cerberus clade. 
EtymologyProbably named after the Greek “rhyncho”, meaning nose or snout (Murphy 2007: 72).

The genus was named after the Greek “kerberos”, the three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to hades in Greek mythology, probably after the forbidding aspects of the snake (fide Wall 1918, Murphy 2007). 
References
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