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Chironius dracomaris SUDRÉ, ANDRADE-JUNIOR, FOLLY, AZEVEDO, ÁVILA, CURCIO, SALES NUNES & PASSOS, 2024

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common Names 
SynonymChironius dracomaris SUDRÉ, ANDRADE-JUNIOR, FOLLY, AZEVEDO, ÁVILA, CURCIO, SALES-NUNES & PASSOS 2024: 101
Chironius carinatus carinatus – DIXON et al. 1993: 73 [MZUSP 3633], in part)
Chironius bicarinatus – BORGES-Nojosa 2007: 236
Chironius bicarinatus – GUEDES et al. 2014: 27 (part)
Chironius bicarinatus – ROBERTO & LOEBMANN 2016: 142
Chironius bicarinatus – ENTIAUSPE-NETO et al. 2020: 102 (part) 
DistributionBrazil (Ceará)

Type locality: Horto Florestal (4°13′23.9′′S, 38°55′28.1′′W; ~800 m a.s.l.), Granja neighborhood, municipality of Pacoti, state of Ceará, Brazil.  
Reproduction 
TypesHolotype. Adult male, MNRJ 27716 (formerly CHUFC 3304), collected by Clécio Aragão on January 11, 1998.
Paratypes. Seventeen specimens, all from Baturité Massif, state of Ceará, Brazil: juvenile female, CHUFC 1389, collected by P. Cascon on April 27, 1989 at Mata do Remanso (4°14′34.1′′S, 38°55′46.6′′W), municipality of Guaramiranga; adult female, CHUFC 1414, collected by R. Otoch on September 28, 1989 at Sítio Abreu (4°15′23.3′′S, 38°56′59.7′′W), municipality of Guaramiranga; adult female, CHUFC 2383, collected by D.M. Borges-Nojosa on January 28, 2000 in the municipality of Pacoti; adult male, CHUFC 2747, collected by D.M. Borges-Nojosa on November 02, 1997 at Sítio Olho D’Água dos Tangarás (4°14′16.4′′S, 38°54′56.7′′W), municipality of Pacoti; adult male, CHUFC 2751, collected by D.M. Borges-Nojosa on August 15, 1998 at Horto Florestal, Granja (4°13′23.9′′S, 38°55′28.1′′W), municipality of Pacoti; adult female, CHUFC 2759, collected by D.M. Borges-Nojosa on January 11, 1998 at Horto Florestal, Granja, municipality of Pacoti; adult female, CHUFC 2840, collected by W.C. Luz on June 27, 2006 in the municipality of Pacoti; adult female, CHUFC 3305, collected by C. Aragão on December 16, 1997 at Linha da Serra community (4°13′53.8′′S, 38°59′18.7′′W), municipality of Guaramiranga; adult male, CHUFPB 17304, from APA da Serra de Baturité (4°16′35.7′′S, 38°56′26.7′′W), municipality of Guaramiranga; adult male, FUNED 1012, collected by E.O. Barros on May 22, 1988 at Sítio Macapá (4°15′53′′S, 38°56′0.1′′W), municipality of Guaramiranga; adult female, MHNCE-R 59, collected by D.C. Lima on October 18, 2019 at Museu de História Natural do Ceará Prof. Dias da Rocha (4°13′35.5′′S, 38°55′21.9′′W), municipality of Pacoti; adult female, MNRJ 27803, collected by S.V. Mendonça and L. Tavares on November 28, 2020 at Museu de História Natural do Ceará Prof. Dias da Rocha; adult male, MNRJ 27804, collected by T. Cavalcante, L. Lima, V.L.M. Rodrigues and L. Silva on May 29, 2022 at Pernambuquinho (4°13′21.6′′S, 38°58′10.9′′W), municipality of Guaramiranga; subadult female, MHNCE-R 577, collected by J.A. Oliveira on July 18, 2022 at Museu de História Natural do Ceará Prof. Dias da Rocha; adult male, MHNCE-R 616, collected by J.A. Oliveira on November 30, 2022 at Museu de História Natural do Ceará Prof. Dias da Rocha; adult male, MNRJ 27717, collected by D.M. Borges-Nojosa on January 03, 1999 at Sítio Olho D’Água dos Tangarás, municipality of Pacoti; adult male, MNRJ 27718, collected by C. Aragão on December 18, 1997 at Sítio Pau D›Alho (4°13′32.2′′S, 38°55′34.8′′W), municipality of Pacoti. 
DiagnosisDiagnosis. Chironius dracomaris can be distinguished from all congeners by the following unique combination of morphological characters: (i) dorsal scale rows 12/12/10; (ii) cloacal plate divided; (iii) two or more keeled dorsal scale rows (2nd–11th dorsal rows); (iv) ventrals 154–162 in females, 149–159 in males; (v) subcaudals 124–135 in females, 132–138 in males; (vi) apical pits present on the cervical and in at least one other region of the body (paravertebral rows, cloacal region, and/or tail); (vii) three or two supralabials contacting orbit; (viii) temporal formula usually 1+2; (ix) after preservation, uniform grayish olive or bluish dorsum with a light vertebral stripe and two black stripes visible from neck to midbody; (x) after preservation, the snout (rostral, nasals and internasals) can be light brown or have the same dorsal color; labials predominantly whitish, except for the last two supralabials, which may present the same color of dorsal series or postocular stripe; gular region, first third of belly, near cloacal region and subcaudals whitish; remainder of the belly olive or bluish; (xi) subcaudals have slightly black edges; (xii) hemipenial body generally ornamented with papillate calyces gradually replaced by a small concentration of smooth calyces on the proximal region at the end of the sulcus spermaticus; (xiii) each longitudinal row of hemipenial body has 15–22 spines and 5–8 spines along sulcus spermaticus; (xiv) ventral surface of the septomaxilla smooth; (xv) anteroventral surface of prefrontal lacrimal foramen smooth; (xvi) 34–39 maxillary teeth; (xvii) palatine teeth 24; (xviii) quadrate-suspensorium articulation with posterior end of supratemporals straight. (Sudré et al. 2024)


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CommentDistribution: See map in Sudré et al. 2024: 102 (Figs. 8). 
EtymologyNamed after Francisco José do Nascimento (1839–1914) and the two nouns “draco” (nominative) and “maris” (genitive), used in apposition with the Latinized nick-name “Dragão do Mar” (= Dragon of the Sea, in English), as Francisco José do Nascimento became historically known. He was a popular leader of the harbor pilots in Ceará, who became a symbol of Northeastern resistance against slavery in Brazil. 
References
  • Sudré V, Andrade-Junior A, Folly M, Azevedo JAR, Ávila RW, Curcio FF, Nunes PMS, Passos P 2024. Revision of the Chironius bicarinatus complex (Serpentes: Colubridae): Redefined species boundaries and description of a new species. Vertebrate Zoology 74: 85-120 - get paper here
 
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