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Cnemaspis kandambyi BATUWITA & UDUGAMPALA, 2017

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Higher TaxaGekkonidae, Gekkota, Sauria, Squamata (lizards: geckos)
Subspecies 
Common Names 
SynonymCnemaspis kandambyi BATUWITA & UDUGAMPALA 2017 
DistributionSri Lanka (Knuckles Range)

Type locality: Meemure, Knuckles Range, 07°26'N, 080°50'E, elevation 450 m msl, Sri Lanka  
Reproductionoviparous (manual imputation, fide Zimin et al. 2022) 
TypesHolotype: NMSL (= WHT) 9466, adult male, 21.4 mm SVL. Paratypes. NMSL (= WHT) 9467, adult male, 22.0 mm SVL; same collection data as holotype; NMSL uncatalogued specimen (Fig. 1A), adult male, 23.6 mm SVL; no locality data. 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Cnemaspis kandambyi sp. nov. (Fig. 1A, B) differs from its peninsular Indian and Sri Lankan congeners by a combination of the following characters: maximum SVL 23.6 mm; three enlarged postmentals; dorsum with homogeneous, unkeeled granular scales; ventral scales smooth, imbricate to subimbricate; gulars, pectoral and abdominal scales smooth; ventral scales across midbody, 16–17; obtuse tubercles on flank; four precloacal pores, 5–6 femoral pores on each side separated from precloacal series by 7–8 unpored scales; subcaudals smooth, median row enlarged, in a regular series (scales subequal in width); supralabials to angle of jaws 7–8; subdigital lamellae on fourth digit of pes, 19–20. Colouration (in life, Fig. 1B) dark brown with diamond shaped dark markings longitudinally on mid-dorsum; lateral sides of neck with distinct black stripes (begin behind eye); ventral side dusky white; ventro-lateral sides of limbs, tail and flanks with blue iridescence.
The new species closely resembles C. podihuna (Fig. 1C) and C. molligodai. From C. podihuna it differs by the presence of 7–8 (versus 3–6) unpored scales separating precloacal and femoral pores, absence (versus presence) of internasal scale, body (axilla to groin) relatively long 47.7–48.3 (versus 38.1–38.7) % of SVL, having dark brown (versus yellowish brown) dorsum colouration and flank, ventro-lateral sides of tail, limbs with blue iridescence (versus bright yellow). Cnemaspis kandambyi sp. nov. further differs from C. podihuna by morphometrically: relatively shorter head length, 23.6–28.0 (versus 28.3–28.8 % of SVL in C. podihuna); relatively long body length, 48.2–48.3 (versus 37.7–38.1) % of SVL; longer tibia length, 16.1–16.7 (versus 14.3– 14.5) % of SVL; and shorter femur length, 17.3–18.7 (versus 19.7–20.6) % SVL.
Cnemaspis kandambyi sp. nov. is distinguished from C. molligodai by the presence of 4 (versus 5) precloacal pores and 4–6 (versus 7–9) femoral pores on each side, precloacal pores not in an inverted V-shaped arrangement (versus in inverted V-shaped arrangement in C. molligodai), and the black lateral stripe on the head and neck begins behind the eye and extends beyond the base of the forearm (versus black lateral stripe not extending beyond the base of the forearm).


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CommentSimilar species: Cnemaspis podihuna; the record of Cnemaspis podihuna from Pallegama (07°32’N, 080°49’E) by Karunarathna et al. (2011) might belong to C. kandambyi sp. nov.

Sympatry: Three other species of Cnemaspis are known from the Knuckles Range: C. kallima, C. phillipsi and C. punctata (Manamendra-Arachchi et al. 2007).

Habitat: The new species was observed in large trees with epiphytes (Dendrobium sp.) in the Meemure area (07°26’N, 80°50’E; ~ 450 m msl) in the Knuckles Range (Fig. 3). Cnemaspis kandambyi sp. nov. is arboreal.

Behavior: diurnal.

Abundance: only known from its original description (Meiri et al. 2017). 
EtymologyThe species name is a patronym in the Latin genitive singular, in honour of Dharma Sri Kandamby (Former Curator of the vertebrate section of the National Museum of Sri Lanka [1982-2012]), for his contributions to the herpetology of Sri Lanka and for his guidance to both authors. 
References
  • Batuwita, Sudesh; SAMPATH UDUGAMPALA 2017. Description of a new species of Cnemaspis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Knuckles Range of Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 4254 (1): 082–090 - get paper here
  • Karunarathna, D. M. S. S., A. A. T. Amarasinghe, U. T. I. Abeywardena, M. D. C. Asela, H. B. Jayaneththi and P. L. Madurapperuma 2010. Some observations of Cnemaspis podihuna Deraniyagala, 1944 (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Sri Lanka. Gekko 6 (1): 23-29
  • Karunarathna, Suranjan; Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Anslem de Silva, Majintha Madawala, Madhava Botejue, Vladislav A. Gorin, Thilina Surasinghe, Dinesh Gabadage, Kanishka D.B. Ukuwela & Aaron M. Bauer 2019. Integrative taxonomy reveals six new species of day geckos of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from geographically-isolated hill forests in Sri Lanka. Vertebrate Zoology 69 (3): 247–298 - get paper here
  • Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum; Batuwita, Sudesh & Pethiyagoda, Rohan 2007. A taxonomic revision of the Sri Lankan day-geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae: Cnemaspis), with description of new species from Sri Lanka and southern India. Zeylanica 7 (1): 9-122
  • Meiri, Shai; Aaron M. Bauer, Allen Allison, Fernando Castro-Herrera, Laurent Chirio, Guarino Colli, Indraneil Das, Tiffany M. Doan, Frank Glaw, Lee L. Grismer, Marinus Hoogmoed, Fred Kraus, Matthew LeBreton, Danny Meirte, Zoltán T. Nagy, Cristiano d 2017. Extinct, obscure or imaginary: the lizard species with the smallest ranges. Diversity and Distributions - get paper here
  • Zimin, A., Zimin, S. V., Shine, R., Avila, L., Bauer, A., Böhm, M., Brown, R., Barki, G., de Oliveira Caetano, G. H., Castro Herrera, F., Chapple, D. G., Chirio, L., Colli, G. R., Doan, T. M., Glaw, F., Grismer, L. L., Itescu, Y., Kraus, F., LeBreton 2022. A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 00, 1–16 - get paper here
 
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