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Craspedocephalus occidentalis (POPE & POPE, 1933)

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Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common Names 
SynonymTrimeresurus occidentalis POPE & POPE 1933
Trimeresurus occidentalis — WELCH 1994: 115
Craspedocephalus occidentalis — MALLIK et al. 2021: 605
Peltopelor occidentalis — MIRZA et al. 2023
Craspedocephalus (Peltopelor) occidentalis — IDIIATULLINA et al. 2023 (by implication) 
DistributionS India (Kerala, C Western Ghats)

Type locality. Mudumallay, near Wayanad [i.e., Mudumalai hills, in Nilgiris dt., Tamil Nadu, India] in the Western Ghats (fide Pope & Pope 1933).  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesHolotype, NHMUK 1982.8.26.40, an immature male, collected by R.H. Beddome. 
Diagnosis 
CommentVenomous!

Synonymy: This species has long been considered a synonym of (and confused with) Craspedocephalus gramineus but revalidated by Mallik et al. 2021.

Habitat: fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018, by implication). 
EtymologyLatin, occidentalis, for‘western’, in allusion to its western distribution range, compared to S.E. Asia. 
References
  • Idiiatullina SS, Pawangkhanant P, Tawan T, Worranuch T, Dechochai B, Suwannapoom C, Nguyen TV, Chanhome L, Poyarkov NA 2023. Limestone jewel: A new colourful karst-dwelling pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Trimeresurus) from the poorly explored borderlands of southern peninsular Thailand. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 697-716 - get paper here
  • Mallik AK, Srikanthan AN, Ganesh SR, Vijayakumar SP, Campbell PD, Malhotra A, Shanker K 2021. Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics – A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity. Vertebrate Zoology 71: 577-619 - get paper here
  • Mirza ZA, H. T. Lalremsanga, Bhosale H, Gowande G, Patel H, Idiatullina SS, Poyarkov NA 2023. Systematics of Trimeresurus popeiorum Smith, 1937 with a revised molecular phylogeny of Asian pitvipers of the genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 sensu lato. Evolutionary Systematics 7(1): 91-104 - get paper here
  • Pope, C.H. & Pope, S.H. 1933. A study of the green pit-vipers of southeastern Asia and Malaysia, commonly identified as Trimeresurus gramineus (SHAW), with description of a new species from Peninsular India. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 620: 1-12 - get paper here
 
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