Crotalus oreganus HOLBROOK, 1840

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Higher Taxa	Viperidae, Crotalinae, Serpentes (snakes)
Subspecies	Crotalus oreganus abyssus KLAUBER 1930 Crotalus oreganus caliginis KLAUBER 1949 Crotalus oreganus concolor WOODBURY 1929 Crotalus oreganus helleri MEEK 1905 Crotalus oreganus lutosus KLAUBER 1930 Crotalus oreganus oreganus HOLBROOK 1840
Common Names	E: abyssus: Grand Canyon Rattlesnake E: Arizona Black Rattlesnake [cerberus] E: concolor: Midget Faded Rattlesnake E: helleri: Southern Pacific Rattlesnake E: lutosus: Great Basin Rattlesnake E: oreganus: Northern Pacific Rattlesnake G: Oregon-Klapperschlange G: Hopi-Klapperschlange [nuntius]
Synonym	Crotalus viridis oreganus HOLBROOK 1840 Crotalus oreganus HOLBROOK 1840 Crotalus oregonus [sic] — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 145 Crotalus confluentus oreganus — FITCH 1936 Crotalus viridis oreganus KLAUBER 1949 Crotalus viridis oreganus — EINFALT 1998 Crotalus oreganus oreganus — ASHTON et al. 2001 Crotalus oreganus oreganus — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004 Crotalus oreganus — HOSER 2009 Crotalus oreganus — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Crotalus oreganus abyssus KLAUBER 1930 Crotalus viridis abyssus KLAUBER 1930 Crotalus confluentus abyssus KLAUBER 1930 Crotalus viridis abyssus — KLAUBER 1936 Crotalus viridis abyssus — STEBBINS 1985: 231 Crotalus viridis abyssus — CROTHER 2000: 60 Crotalus oreganus abyssus — ASHTON et al. 2001 Crotalus oreganus abyssus — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004 Crotalus oreganus abyssus — OLIVIER 2008 Crotalus abyssus — HOSER 2009 Crotalus oreganus abyssus— BOUNDY et al. 2012 Crotalus oreganus caliginis KLAUBER 1949 Crotalus viridis caliginis KLAUBER 1949 Crotalus viridis caliginis KLAUBER 1949 Crotalus viridis caliginis — KISSER 1980 Crotalus viridis caliginis — LINER 1994 Crotalus oreganus caliginis — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004 Crotalus oreganus caliginis — GROEN 2008 Crotalus oreganus caliginus — BEAMAN & HAYES 2008 Crotalus oreganus concolor WOODBURY 1929 Crotalus concolor WOODBURY 1929 Crotalus viridis concolor — KLAUBER 1936 Crotalus viridis decolor GLOYD 1940 Crotalus viridis concolor — KISSER 1980 Crotalus viridis concolor — CROTHER 2000: 60 Crotalus oreganus concolor — ASHTON et al. 2001 Crotalus concolor — DOUGLAS et al. 2002 Crotalus concolor — HOUSTON 2006 Crotalus oreganus concolor — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004 Crotalus oreganus concolor — BEAMAN & HAYES 2008 Crotalus concolor — HOSER 2009 Crotalus viridis concolor — WERNING 2012 Crotalus oreganus concolor — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Crotalus oreganus helleri MEEK 1905 Crotalus helleri MEEK 1905 Crotalus viridis helleri — KLAUBER 1949 Crotalus viridis helleri — STEBBINS 1985: 232 Crotalus viridis helleri — LINER 1994 Crotalus oreganus helleri — ASHTON et al. 2001 Crotalus oreganus helleri — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004 Crotalus oreganus helleri — OLIVIER 2008 Crotalus oreganus helleri — BEAMAN & HAYES 2008 Crotalus helleri — HOSER 2009 Crotalus oreganus helleri — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Crotalus oreganus lutosus KLAUBER 1930 Crotalus confluentus lutosus KLAUBER 1930 Crotalus viridis lutosus — KLAUBER 1936 Crotalus viridis lutosus — HIRTH 1966 Crotalus viridis lutosus — STEBBINS 1985: 232 Crotalus viridis lutosus — CROTHER 2000: 60 Crotalus oreganus lutosus — ASHTON et al. 2001 Crotalus oreganus lutosus — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004 Crotalus oreganus lutosus — BEAMAN & HAYES 2008 Crotalus lutosus — HOSER 2009 Crotalus oreganus lutosus — BOUNDY et al. 2012
Distribution	SW Canada, W USA (Washington, California, Oregon ?, Montana), Mexico (Baja California) abyssus: USA (Arizona); Type-locality: "Tanner Trail 300 ft. below the south rim of the Grand Canyon, Coconino County, Arizona caliginis: USA (South Coronado Island, off the coast of Baja California) concolor: USA (basins of the Colorado and Green Rivers) helleri: SW California, Mexico (Baja California) lutosus: USA (Great Basin between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada.) oreganus: E USA, SW Canada (Pacific slopes est of the Cascades and west of the Sierra Nevada, from British Columbia to NE California. Map legend: - Region according to the TDWG standard, not a precise distribution map. NOTE: TDWG regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and this does not always work properly. We are working on it.
Types	abyssus: Holotype SDSNH 2216. lutosus: Holotype SDSNH 1814; paratypes SDSNH 1800-1813, 1815, 1816. caliginis: Holotype SDSNH 2800; paratypes SDSNH
Comment	Venomous! Length up to 58 inches (~ 145 cm). ASHTON et al. (2001) split C. viridis into two evolutionary species, C. viridis and C. oreganus. CROTHER (2003) and others also followed that scheme. Pook et al. (2002) found that cerberus is genetically isolated from other viridis and thus can be considered as a separate species or as divergent subspecies or viridis. SIZE: concolor: up to 63 cm Nomenclature: Hoser’s 2009 classification and nomenclature has been rejected as unnecessary and unavailable by WÜSTER & BERNILS 2011.
References	Ashton, Kyle G.; de Queiroz, Alan 2001. Molecular systematics of the Western Rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis (Viperidae), with comments on the utility of the D-Loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21(2):176-189. - get paper here Ashton, Kyle G.;Smith, Hobart M.;Chiszar, David 1997. Geographic Distribution. Crotalus viridis viridis. Herpetological Review 28 (3): 159 Baird,S.F. and Girard,C. 1852. Descriptions of new species of reptiles, collected by the U.S. exploring expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. First part. - Including the species from the Western coast of America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 6: 174-177 - get paper here Beaman, K.R. & Hayes, W.K. 2008. Rattlesnakes: Research Trends and Annotated Checklist. In: Hayes et al. (eds), The biology of rattlesnakes. Loma Linda University Press, pp. 5-16 Boundy, Jeff; Frank T. Burbrink, Jonathan A. Campbell, Brian I. Crother, Kevin de Queiroz, Darrel R. 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. SSAR, 101 pp. Brown, Douglas G.;Duvall, David 1993. Habitat associations of the prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in Wyoming Herpetological Natural History 1 (1): 5-12 BUSH, CH. & LUKAS, W. & SMITH, H. M. & PAYNE, D. & CHISZAR, D. 1996. Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) in Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis oreganus HOLBROOK, 1840, rescued from abusive husbandry conditions Herpetozoa 9 - get paper here Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca Chiszar, David; Adam Walters, and Hobart M Smith 2008. Rattlesnake Preference for Envenomated Prey: Species Specificity. Journal of Herpetology 42 (4): 764 - get paper here Chiszar, David;Smith, Hobart M. 1993. Crotalus viridis viridis (Prairie rattlesnake). USA: Colorado Herpetological Review 24 (4): 156 Cliff, Frank S. 1954. Snakes of the islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 12 (5): 67-98 - get paper here Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p. Crother, B. I. 2000. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Herpetogical Circular, No. 29: 1-82 Diller, L.V. & Wallace, R.L. 2002. Growth, reproduction, and survival in a population of Crotalus viridis oreganus in north central Idaho. Herpetological Monographs 16: 26-45 - get paper here Douglas, Michael E.; Douglas, Marlis R.; Schuett, Gordon W.; Porras, Louis W.; Holycross, Andrew T. 2002. Phylogeography of the western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) complex, with emphasis on the Colorado Plateau. In Biology of the Vipers, edited by Gordon W. Schuett, Mats Hoggren, Michael E. Douglas, and Harry W. Greene, pp. 11-50 Eagle Mountain Publishing, Utah. Eaton, Theodore H., Jr 1935. Report on amphibians and reptiles of the Navajo country Bulletin 3. Rainbow Bridge-Monument Valley Expedition : 1-20 Einfalt, P. 1998. Haltung und Nachzucht der Prärieklapperschlange (Crotalus viridis oreganus). Elaphe 6 (2): 12-14 Fitch, H. S. 1936. Amphibians and reptiles of the Rouge River Basin, Oregon American Midland Naturalist 17: 634-652 - get paper here Franz, Richard 1971. Notes on the distribution and ecology of the herpetofauna of northern Montana Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 7 (1): 1-10 Groen,J. 2008. Een blik p giftige slangen en de hobby eromheen. Lacerta 66 (1-3): 6-15 - get paper here Herriot, T. 2004. Snakes in the suburbs. Canadian Geographic 86-98 Hirth, Harold F. 1966. The Ability of Two Species of Snakes to Return to a Hibernaculum after Displacement. Southwestern Naturalist 11 (1): 49-53 - get paper here Holbrook, John E. 1840. North American Herpetology, Vol. 4 (1st ed.) J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 126 pp. - get paper here Hoser, R. 2009. A reclassification of the rattlesnakes; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 3: 1-21 - get paper here Houston, T.C. 2006. The Midget Faded Rattlesnake, Crotalus concolor. Reptilia (GB) (45): 33-37 - get paper here Jones, K.B.; Abbas, D.R. & Bergstedt, T. 1981. Herpetological records from Central and Northeastern Arizona. Herpetological Review 12 (1): 16 Keogh, J. S. & Wallach, V. 1999. Allometry and sexual dimorphism in the lung morphology of prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis. Amphibia-Reptilia 20 (4): 377-389 - get paper here Kisser, P. 1980. Zur Kernntnis der Klapperschlangen. Herpetofauna 2 (5): 6-10 - get paper here Klauber, L. M. 1930. New and renamed subspecies of Crotalus confluentus Say, with remarks on related species. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6 (3): 95-144 - get paper here Klauber, Laurence M. 1938. Notes from a herpetological diary, I Copeia 1938 (4): 191-197 - get paper here Klauber, Laurence M. 1949. Some new and revived subspecies of rattlesnakes. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 11 (6): 61-116 - get paper here Klauber, Laurence M. 1972. Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, vol. 1: xxx + 740; vol. 2: xvii + 795 pp. [first published 1956] Klauber, Lawrence M. 1943. The correlation of variability within and between rattlesnake populations Copeia 1943 (2): 115-118 - get paper here Lemos-Espinal, Julio Alberto;Chiszar, David;Smith, Hobart M. 1994. The Distribution of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus v. viridis ) in Mexico Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 30 (4): 143-148 Livo, Lauren J.;Chiszar, David 1994. Crotalus viridis cerberus (Arizona black rattlesnake). USA: Colorado Herpetological Review 25 (2): 76 McDiarmid,R.W.; Campbell,J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp. Meek,S.E. 1905. An annotated list of a collection of reptiles from southern California and northern lower California. Field Columbian Mus. Publ. Zool. 7 (1): 1-19 - get paper here Meik, Jesse M and André Pires-daSilva 2009. Evolutionary morphology of the rattlesnake style. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:35 - get paper here Olivier, R. 2008. Kleine gifslangengalerij. Lacerta 66 (1-3): 47-57 - get paper here Oyler-McCance, S. J.; J. M. Parker 2010. A population genetic analysis of the midget faded rattlesnake in Wyoming. Conserv Genet 11:1623–1629; DOI 10.1007/s10592-009-0043-6 O’Connor, A. 2012. The Columbia River george. HerpNation (9): 20-21 - get paper here Paerker, M.R. & Kardong, K.V. 2006. The role of airborne and substrate cues from non-envenomated mice during rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus) post-striking trailing. Herpetologica 62 (4): 349-355 - get paper here Parker, William S.;Brown, William S. 1974. Mortality and weight changes of Great Basin rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) at a hibernaculum in northern Utah Herpetologica 30 (3): 234-239 - get paper here Pook, Catherine E., Wolfgang Wüster and Roger S. Thorpe 2000. Historical biogeography of the western rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus viridis), inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence information. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 15(2):269-282. - get paper here Rafinesque, C.S. 1818. Further accounts of discoveries in natural history in the western states. American Month. Mag. Crit. Rev. 4 (1): 41 Schmidt, D. 2008. Schlupfkisten in der Terrarienpraxis. Reptilia (Münster) 13 (71): 8-9 - get paper here Schneider, G.E. 1986. Geographic variation in the contact zone of two subspecies of the Pacific rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus and Crotalus viridis helleri. Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara. Schuett, Gordon W.;Buttenhoff, Paul A.;Duvall, David 1993. Corroborative evidence for the lack of spring-mating in certain populations of prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) Herpetological Natural History 1 (1): 101-106 Sievert, J. 2002. Erfahrungen bei der Haltung und Nachzucht von Crotalus viridis cerberus (COUES 1875). Sauria 24 (3): 19-25 - get paper here Sievert, J. 2002. Haltung und Zucht der Hopi-Klapperschlange Crotalus viridis nuntius KLAUBER 1935. Sauria 24 (4): 25-30 - get paper here Smith, Hobart M.; Hammerson, Geoffrey A.; Chiszar, David; Ramotnik, Cindy 1993. Crotalus viridis viridis (Prairie rattlesnake). USA: Colorado Herpetological Review 24 (4): 156 Smith, T. L., G. S. Bevelander and K. V. Kardong 2005. Influence of prey odor concentration on the poststrike trailing behavior of the Northern Pacific Rattlesnake. Herpetologica 61 (2): 111-115 - get paper here Starrett, Bryan L. 1993. Crotalus viridis helleri (southern pacific rattlesnake). Mexico: baja California Sur Herpetological Review 24 (3): 109 Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston Tanner, Vasco M. 1930. The amphibians and reptiles of Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah Copeia 1930 (2): 41-43 - get paper here Tanner, Vasco M.;Hayward, C. Lynn 1934. A biological study of the La Sal Mountains, Utah report No. 1 (Ecology) Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 11: 209-235 Werning, Heiko 2012. Der amerikanische Südwesten, ein Sehnsuchtsort auch für Reptilienfreunde Draco 13 (50): 4-17 - get paper here Werning, Heiko 2012. Die Reptilien und Amphibien des Südwestens Draco 13 (50): 18-60 - get paper here Woodbury, A.M. 1958. The Name Crotalus viridis concolor Woodbury. Copeia 1958 (2): 151 - get paper here Woodbury, Angus M. 1929. A new rattlesnake from Utah Bulletin of the University of Utah 20 (6): 2-4 Woodbury, Angus M.;Hansen, Richard M. 1950. A snake den in Tintic Mountains, Utah Herpetologica 6: 66-70 - get paper here Wüster, W. & Bérnils, R.S. 2011. On the generic classification of the rattlesnakes, with special reference to the Neotropical Crotalus durissus complex (Squamata: Viperidae). ZOOLOGIA 28 (4): 417–419 Zweifel,R.G. 1952. Notes on the lizardsof the Coronados Islands, Baja California, Mexico. Herpetologica 8: 9-11 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List - Crotalus oreganus - Least Concern, LC http://www.wildherps.com/indexes/sciIndexA-C.html http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/herps/replist.html http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/chordata/reptilia/squamata/viperidae.html http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/txherps/snakes/ http://www.ups.edu/biology/museum/WAreptiles.html http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?special=browse&where-lifeform=Reptile&where-taxon=Crotalus+viridis+helleri http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?special=browse&where-lifeform=Reptile&where-taxon=Crotalus+viridis+lutosus http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?special=browse&where-lifeform=Reptile&where-taxon=Crotalus+viridis+oreganus http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?special=browse&where-lifeform=Reptile&where-taxon=Crotalus+viridis Google images

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