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Cuora couro (SCHWEIGGER, 1812)

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Higher TaxaGeoemydidae (Geoemydinae), Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
SubspeciesCuora couro couro (SCHWEIGGER 1812)
Cuora couro kamaroma RUMMLER & FRITZ 1991 
Common NamesE: Sunda Box Turtle, Indonesian Box Turtle
G: Sunda — Scharnierschildkröte, Indonesische Dosenschildkröte 
SynonymEmys couro SCHWEIGGER 1812: 315
Terrapene bicolor BELL 1825
Emys (Cistuda) amboinensis leveriana GRAY 1830:7
Emys couro GRAY in GRIFFITH 1831 (ex errore)
Cuora amboinensis couro — IBARRONDO et al. 2006
Cuora amboinensis couro — NGUYEN et al. 2009
Cuora amboinensis cuoro — FORTH 2017 (in error)
Cuora amboinensis couro — TTWG 2021
Cuora couro couro — BLANCK et al. 2023

Cuora couro kamaroma RUMMLER & FRITZ 1991
Cuora couro kamaroma RUMMLER & FRITZ 1991
Cuora amboinensis kamaroma — COX et al. 1998: 129
Cuora amboinensis lineata MCCORD & PHILIPPEN 1998
Cuora amboinensis kamaroma — BECKER 1999
Cuora amboinensis kamaroma — CHAN-ARD et al. 1999: 224
Cuora amboinensis lineata — NGUYEN et al. 2009
Cuora amboinensis kamaroma — NGUYEN et al. 2009
Cuora amboiensis kamaroma —STANBERRY et al. 2017 (in error)
Cuora amboinensis kamaroma — WAGNER 2018
Cuora amboinensis kamaroma — TTWG 2021
Cuora couro kamaroma — BLANCK et al. 2023 
DistributionIndonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sumbawa)

Type locality: “Java” [Indonesia].

kamaroma: S mainland Indochina, Thailand (Phang-Nga etc.), Indonesia (Borneo, Java), N Philippines [introduced]); Type locality: about 50 km N Bangkok, Thailand.  
ReproductionViable (though not really healthy) hybrids between Mauremys annamensis and Cuora amboinensis kamaroma have been described by FRITZ & MENDAU (2002). Hybrids between Chinemys reevesii and Cuora amboinensis kamaroma have been described by GALGON & FRITZ (2002). 
TypesHolotype: MNHN-RA 7931, adult, probable female, dried shell only.
Holotype: ZMH R00277, young female [kamaroma] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (15544 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSubspecies: The questions of whether or not C. a. kamaroma actually occurs in the Philippines and, if so, what is its island distribution, cannot be answered at this time. Philippine Cuora amboinensis cannot be identified to subspecies by their plastron patterns alone [ERNST et al. 2011].

Synonymy: Ernst et al. 2016 synonymized Cuora amboinensis lineata with kamaroma and couro with amboinensis.

Distribution: see map in TTWG 2017: 86, Blanck et al. 2023: 17 (Fig. 13). 
EtymologyNamed after Indonesian “Kura” meaning turtle. Leschenault de la Tour used the spelling “Kouro” in his manuscript (1804). This also formed the basis of the Derivatio nominis of the genus Cuora (Gray, 1856:198). 
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