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Drymarchon corais (BOIE, 1827)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Western Indigo Snake, Indigo Snake, Yellow-tail Cribo
G: Indigonatter
Portuguese: Caninana, Caninana-Balão, Guigraupiagoara, Papa-Ova, Papa-Ovo, Papa-Pinto 
SynonymColuber corais BOIE 1827: 537
Spilotes corais — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 223 (?)
Geoptyas collaris STEINDACHNER 1867: 271 (fide BOULENGER 1894)
Geoptyas flaviventris STEINDACHNER 1867
Spilotes corais — GARMAN 1884: 48
Coluber corais — BOULENGER 1894
Drymarchon corais corais — STEJNEGER 1899
Phrynonax angulifer WERNER 1923
Drymarchon corais corais — AMARAL 1925
Drymarchon corais collaris — AMARAL 1925
Drymarchon corais flaviventris — AMARAL 1925
Drymarchon corais corais — AMARAL 1929
Drymarchon corais cleofae BROCK 1942
Drymarchon corais corais — BEEBE 1946: 26
Drymarchon corais corais — HOGE 1964: 55
Drymarchon corais corais — CEI 1993
Drymarchon corais corais — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Drymarchon corais corais — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Drymarchon corais corais — BOOS 2001
Drymarchon corais corais — SCROCCHI et al. 2006: 83
Drymarchon corais — WALLACH et al. 2014: 244
Drymarchon corais — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionColombia, Venezuela (Mérida), Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana, French Guiana,Brazil (Amapá, Rondonia, Roraima, Goias, Acre, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Paraíba, Sergipe, Piaui), Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia (Beni), N Argentina (Chaco, Formosa), Paraguay (LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999)

elevation; 0-1555 m (Honduras)

Type locality: "America."  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: nondesignated (McCranie 1980)
Holotype: nondesignated (McCranie 1980) [flaviventris]
Holotype: CAS 9447 [cleofae] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1194 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentType species: Coluber corais BOIE 1827 is the type species of the genus Drymarchon FITZINGER 1843: 26.

Distribution: see map in McCranie 1980 (including subspecies now included on D. melanurus); not in Honduras fide Solis et al. 2014 and McCranie 2015 although it had been reported from this country (e.g. Islas de la Bahia, Isla de Utila: [HR 31: 255]). Not in Panama; however D. melanurus, a former subspecies of corais, is found in Panama. With the transfer of various subspecies to D. melanurus, D. corais does not occur north of Colombia (previous versions of the database listed USA (Texas, Florida ?), Mexico (Yucatan, Aguascalientes, Tamaulipas, Morelos, Jalisco), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Trinidad, Tobago). See map in Nogueira et al. 2019.

Synonymy partly that of CEI 1993.

Subspecies: Drymarchon corais margaritae and D. c. couperi have been elevated to full species status. Other subspecies and populations (e.g. from Costa Rica) have been assigned to D. melanurus (see comment there) which has been considered as a subspecies of D. corais previously.

“In Central America, Smith (1941) noted the existence of hybrid zones between melanurus on one hand and the taxa erebennus, orizabensis and rubidus on the other. Additionally, juveniles and some adults of erebennus, rubidus and unicolor display oblique dark bars on the sides of the neck, which appear to be homologous with the marks seen in D. melanurus (no orizabensis were examined). Although the sister taxon to Drymarchon is unresolved, these dark marks appear to be unique to these taxa, and can therefore be regarded as a synapomorphy for these populations. This makes the classification of the taxa erebennus Cope, 1860, rubidus Smith, 1941, unicolor Smith, 1941 and, presumably, orizabensis Dugès, 1905, as subspecies of D. melanurus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854), a tenable provisional arrangement” [from WÜSTER et al. 2001]. 
EtymologyNamed after the Greek word corax (meaning raven or crow) and probably refers to the anterior black coloration of some adults.

The genus was named after Greek “drymos” = forest, and “archon” = ruler, sovereign, commander, referring to it being the chief of the oak woodland. 
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