Emys trinacris FRITZ, FATTIZZO, GUICKING, TRIPEPI, PENNISI, LENK, JOGER & WINK, 2005

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Higher Taxa	Emydidae, Emydinae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Sicilian pond turtle G: Sizilianische Sumpfschildkröte Italian: testuggine palustre siciliana
Synonym	Emys trinacris FRITZ, FATTIZZO, GUICKING, TRIPEPI, PENNISI, LENK, JOGER & WINK 2005 Emys trinacris — RHODIN et al. 2010 Emys orbicularis trinacris — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020 Emys orbicularis trinacris — SINDACO & RAZZETTI 2021 Emys trinacris — TTWG 2021
Distribution	Italy (Sicily), elevation 0-1036 m. Type locality: corrected to “Laghetto Gianferraro, Coordinates (WGS84, decimal degrees): 14.497241 E, 37.951625 N Elevation: 1007 m a.s.l.” by Marrone et al. 2016.
Reproduction	oviparous.
Types	Holotype: MZUF 11136, Museo Zoologico ‘La Specola’, Florence.
Diagnosis	Diagnosis: A small Emys species (known maximum straight-line carapacial length: 145 mm) with a dark carapace and a mainly or entirely yellow plastron. Small dark blotches at the distal seams of the plastral scutes are rare but may occur; most frequently on the pectoral-abdominal and on the abdominal-femoral seams. Emys trinacris differs from the highly polytypic and morphologically variable E. orbicularis by its distinct mitochondrial and nuclear genes, indicating reproductive isolation. Morphologically, E. trinacris differs from the northern E. orbicularis subspecies by its distinctly smaller size and lighter colouration of the shell and soft parts; it differs from the orbicularis subspecies group of E. orbicularis, E. o. luteofusca, and E. o. iberica in that the iris of males is white instead of reddish. Among the small-sized southern subspecies of E. orbicularis, E. trinacris most closely resembles E. o. galloitalica in gross morphology; however, E. trinacris has a more ovoid, and not elongated, shell outline in dorsal view on average. A light brownish or yellowish brown primary colour of the carapace, which is frequent in E. o. galloitalica, is not known to occur in E. trinacris.
Comment	Not recognized by SINDACO & JEREMCENKO 2008. Phylogeny: when using nuclear DNA, Spinks & Shaffer (2009) found E. trinacris to nest within E. orbicularis. However, when mtDNA was used, it appeared to be in a separate clade. Habitat: freshwater (swamps, ponds, rivers)
Etymology	Named after the ancient Greek word for Sicily, “Trinacria” = triangular island, which is still used for Sicily in Italy.
References	Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here Filippo Spadola, Gianni Insacco 2009. Endoscopy of cloaca in 51 Emys trinacris (Fritz et al., 2005): morphological and diagnostic study. Acta Herpetologica 4 (1): 73-81 - get paper here Fritz, U.; Fattizzo, T.; Guicking, D., Tripepi, S.; Pennisi, M.G.; Lenk, P.; Joger, U. & Wink, M. 2005. A new cryptic species of pond turtle from southern Italy, the hottest spot in the range of the genus Emys (Reptilia, Testudines, Emydidae). Zoologica Scripta 34 (4): 351–371 - get paper here Fritz, Uwe, Daniela Guicking, Hagi Gholi Kami, Marine Arakelyan, Markus Auer, Dínçer Ayaz, Ceesar Ayres Fernández, Andrey G. Bakiev, Antonia Celani, Georg Dzukic, Soumia Fahd, Peter Havas, Ulrich Joger, Viner Khabibullin, Lyudmila Mazanaeva, Pavel Si 2007. Mitochondrial phylogeography of European pond turtles Emys orbicularis, Emys trinacris - an update. Amphibia-Reptilia 28 (3): 418-426 - get paper here Fritz, Uwe; D'Angelo, Stefania; Pennisi, Maria Grazia; Valvo, Mario Lo 2006. Variation of Sicilian pond turtles, Emys trinacris What makes a species cryptic? Amphibia-Reptilia 27 (4): 513-529 - get paper here Joger, U.; Fritz, U.; Guicking, D.; Kalyabina-Hauf, S.; Nagy, Z.T. & Wink, M. 2007. Phylogeography of western Palaearctic reptiles – Spatial and temporal speciation patterns. Zoologischer Anzeiger 246: 293–313 - get paper here Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp. Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Liste der Reptilien Europas. Draco 15 (60): 72-79 - get paper here Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Reptilien in Europa – eine aktuelle Übersicht. Draco 15 (60): 6-25 - get paper here Marrone, Federico; Francesco Sacco, Vincenzo Arizza, Marco Arculeo 2016. Amendment of the type locality of the endemic Sicilian pond turtle Emys trinacris Fritz et al. 2005, with some notes on the highest altitude reached by the species (Testudines, Emydidae). Acta Herpetologica 11 (1): 59-61<br> - get paper here SCARDINO, RITA; MARCO ARCULEO, VINCENZO ARIZZA, GIUSEPPE BAZAN, MARIO LO VALVO, FEDERICO MARRONE & LUCA VECCHIONI. 2022. New distributional data on Haemogregarina stepanowi (Apicomplexa) and Placobdella costata (Hirudinea) parasitising the Sicilian pond turtle Emys trinacris (Testudines) Natural History Sciences. - get paper here Seidel, Michael E. & Carl H. Ernst 2017. A Systematic Review of the Turtle Family Emydidae. Vertebrate Zoology 67 (1): 1–122 - get paper here SINDACO, ROBERTO & EDOARDO RAZZETTI. 2021. An updated check-list of Italian amphibians and reptiles. Natural History Sciences 8(2): 35–46. - get paper here Speybroeck, Jeroen; Wouter Beukema, Christophe Dufresnes, Uwe Fritz, Daniel Jablonski, Petros Lymberakis, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Edoardo Razzetti, Melita Vamberger, Miguel Vences, Judit Vörös0, Pierre-André Crochet 2020. Species list of the European herpetofauna – 2020 update by the Taxonomic Committee of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica.. Amphibia-Reptilia 41: 139-189 - get paper here Spinks, Phillip Q. & H. Bradley Shaffer 2009. CONFLICTING MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR PHYLOGENIES FOR THE WIDELY DISJUNCT EMYS (TESTUDINES: EMYDIDAE) SPECIES COMPLEX, AND WHAT THEY TELL US ABOUT BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HYBRIDIZATION. Systematic Biology 58(1): 1-20 - get paper here Termine, Rosa & Giuseppe Fabrizio Turrisi 2020. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Nature Reserve of Pergusa Lake (Enna, Italy), emphasizing Sicilian endemisms. Biodiversity Journal, 2020,11 (2): 639–646 - get paper here TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J.; van Dijk, P.P.; Iverson, J.B. & Shaffer, H.B. [turtle taxonomy working group] 2010. Turtles of the World, 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010 - get paper here Vamberger, M., Stuckas, H., Sacco, F., D'Angelo, S., Arculeo, M., Cheylan, M., Corti, C., Lo Valvo, M., Marrone, F., Wink, M., Fritz, U. 2015. Differences in gene flow in a twofold secondary contact zone of pond turtles in southern Italy (Testudines: Emydidae: Emys orbicularis galloitalica, E. o. hellenica, E. trinacris). Zoologica Scripta 44: 233–249 - get paper here Vecchioni, Luca; Alessia Cicerone, Rita Scardino, Vincenzo Arizza, Marco Arculeo, Federico Marrone 2020. Sicilians are not easily hooked! First assessment of the impact of recreational fishing on the endemic Sicilian pond turtle Emys trinacris (Testudines, Emydidae). Herpetology Notes 13: 795-800 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information Google images

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