Geophis dubius (PETERS, 1861)

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Higher Taxa	Colubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Mesa del Sur Earth Snake S: Minadora de la Meseta del Sur
Synonym	Geophidium dubium PETERS 1861: 923 Elapoides rostralis — JAN 1865 Geophis dubius — BOCOURT 1883: 532 Geophis fuscus FISCHER 1886: 11 Atractus dubius — COPE 1900: 1230 Catostoma dubium — AMARAL 1929: 191 Geophis dubius — LINER 1994 Geophis dubius — WILSON & TOWNSEND 2007: 9 Geophis dubius — WALLACH et al. 2014: 301
Distribution	Mexico (C/S Oaxaca, 2100–2650 m elevation) Type locality: “unbekannt” [= unknown]
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Holotype: ZMB 4064 Syntype: BMNH 1946.1.6.48 [Geophis fuscus FISCHER 1886]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis: Downs 1967: 84 Additional details (4848 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Synonymy partly after PEREZ-HIGAREDA & SMITH 1988, DOWNS 1967. Geophis rostralis has been removed from the synonymy of G. dubius. Habitat: pine-oak woodlands Group: The dubius group is currently composed of 11 species: G. anocularis, G. carinosus, G. dubius, G. fulvoguttatus, G. immaculatus, G. juarezi, G. nephodrymus, G. rhodogaster, G. rostralis, G. turbidus, plus a specimen of uncertain status within the G. dubius group reported by Nieto-Montes de Oca (2003) from the Chimalapas region, Oaxaca, Mexico. The G. dubius group was defined by Downs (1967) and redefined by Nieto-Montes de Oca (2003). Distribution: see map in CANSECO-MÁRQUEZ et al. 2016: 133 (Fig. 1). Reported from Puebla by Woolrich-Piña et al. 2017 but not there fide Canseco-Márquez et al. 2016, Pavón-Vázquez et al. 2013, and Guillermo Woolrich-Piña (pers. comm., 7 Dec. 2022).
Etymology	Named after Latin dubius, doubtful, dubious, uncertain. [“...Ich bin lange zweifelhaft gewesen, ob es nicht eine Varietät irgend einer bekannten Art mit individueller Verwachsung der Praefrontalschilder sei...”].
References	Amaral,A. do 1930. Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII. Lista remissiva dos ophidios da região neotropica. Mem. Inst. Butantan 4: 126-271 [1929] - get paper here Canseco-Márquez L, Pavón-Vázquez CJ, López-Luna MA, Nieto-Montes de Oca A 2016. A new species of earth snake (Dipsadidae, Geophis) from Mexico. ZooKeys 610: 131-145. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.610.8605 - get paper here Canseco-Márquez, L., & Gutiérrrez-Mayén, M.G. 2010. Anfibios y reptiles del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. Comisión Nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, México D.F., Mexico, 302 pp - get paper here Casas-Andreu, G., F.R. Méndez-De la Cruz and X. Aguilar-Miguel. 2004. Anfibios y Reptiles; pp. 375–390, in A.J.M. García-Mendoza, J. Ordoñez and M. Briones-Salas (ed.). Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biología, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Fund, México, D. F. Cope, E.D. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Ann. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1898: 153-1270 - get paper here Downs, F. L. 1967. lntrageneric relations among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 131: 1-193. - get paper here Fischer, J. G. 1886. Herpetologische Notizen. Abh. Geb. Naturw. Hamb. 9: 51-67 (1-19) - get paper here Heimes, P. 2016. Snakes of Mexico. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 572 pp Illescas-Aparicio, M., Clark-Tapia, R., González-Hernández, A., Vásquez-Díaz, Pedro R. & Aguirre-Hidalgo, V. 2016. Diversidad y riqueza herpetofaunística asociada al bosque de manejo forestal y áreas de cultivo, en Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.) 32(3): 359-369 - get paper here Jan, G. 1865. Iconographie générale des ophidiens. 12. Livraison. J.B. Bailière et Fils, Paris - get paper here Martín-Regalado, N.; M. C. Lavariega, R. M. Gómez–Ugalde & C. Rodríguez–Pérez 2016. Anfibios y reptiles de la sierra de Cuatro Venados, Oaxaca, México. Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 14 (2016): 217–232 - get paper here Mata-Silva, Vicente, Jerry D. Johnson, Larry David Wilson and Elí García-Padilla. 2015. The herpetofauna of Oaxaca, Mexico: composition, physiographic distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (1): 6–62 - get paper here Nieto-Montes de Oca, A. 2003. A NEW SPECIES OF THE GEOPHIS DUBIUS GROUP (SQUAMATA: COLUBRIDAE) FROM THE SIERRA DE JUÁREZ OF OAXACA, MEXICO. Herpetologica 59 (4): 572-585 - get paper here Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig 1861. Über neue Schlangen des Königl. zoologischen Museums: Typhlops striolatus, Geophidium dubium, Streptophorus (Ninia) maculatus, Elaps hippocrepis. Monatsber. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1861 (October): 922-925 - get paper here Smith, H. M. 1960. New and noteworthy reptiles from Oaxaca, Mexico. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 62: 265–271 Townsend, J.H.; Wilson, L.D. 2006. A new species of snake of the Geophis dubius group (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) from the sierra de Omoa of northwestern Honduras. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 119 (1): 150–159. - get paper here Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp. WILSON, L.D. & J.H. TOWNSEND 2007. A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation. Zootaxa 1395: 1-31 - get paper here Woolrich-Piña, G. A., E. García-Padilla, D. L. DeSantis, J. D. Johnson, V. Mata-Silva, and L. D. Wilson 2017. The herpetofauna of Puebla, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(4): 791–884 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information https://www.facebook.com/groups/stshc/posts/278825464342059/ Google images

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