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Gloydius blomhoffii (BOIE, 1826)

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Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Mamushi
G: Mamushi
Russian: Восточный щитомордник 
SynonymTrigonocephalus Blomhoffii BOIE 1826: 214
Trigonocephalus blomhoffi — SCHLEGEL 1837: 552
Trigonocephalus (Halys) affinis GRAY 1849: 14
Trigonocephalus Blomhoffii — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1496
Trigonocephalus blomhoffi var. megaspilus — COPE 1859: 336
Halys bloomhoffi — PETERS 1862: 671 (in error)
Halys blomhoffi — GÜNTHER 1864: 393
Trigonocephalus Blomhoffii — STRAUCH 1868: 296
Ancistrodon blomhoffi — BOULENGER 1896: 525 (part.)
Halys blomhoffi — STONE 1899: 184
Agkistrodon blomhoffi STEJNEGER 1907: 457
Agkistrodon blomhoffii affinis — STEJNEGER 1907: 461
Ancistrodon halys blomhoffii NIKOLSKY 1916
Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii — MAKI 1931: 203
Ancistrodon halys blomhoffi — RENDAHL 1933: 21
Agkistrodon blomhoffi blomhoffi — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Gloydius blomhoffii blomhoffii — HOGE & ROMANO-HOGE 1981: 195
Agkistrodon blomhoffii — SCHNEEWEISS 1989
Agkistrodon blomhoffii — WELCH 1994: 11
Agkistrodon blomhoffii blomhoffii — WELCH 1994: 11
Agkistrodon blomhoffii blomhoffii — ORLOV & BARABANOV 1999
Gloydius blomhoffi — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 302
Gloydius blomhoffii — WALLACH et al. 2014: 309 
DistributionJapan (main islands, Sadogasbima, Izu Oshima, Hachijojima, Awajishima, Oki, Goto Archipelago, Amakusa, Mageshima, Tanegashima, Yakushima), Russia (Kunashir Island, Kuril Archipelago)

Type locality: Japan

megaspilus: Japan (?).  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesHolotype: ZMA.RENA 15179.
Holotype: ANSP 7254 [megaspilus]
Holotype: AMNH 21498 [dubitatus]
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.20.1 (formerly BMNH i.7.2a) [affinis] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (662 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Synonymy: Zhao 2006 listed Gloydius blomhoffii dubitatus and G. b. siniticus as synonyms of G. brevicaudus, hence he does not list blomhoffi as a Chinese species.

Subspecies: The subspecies “ussuriensis” has been elevated to full species status. For a distribution map of the subspecies and ussuriensis see TRUTNAU (2002). GUMPRECHT et al. (2004) recognized only 2 subspecies, blomhoffi and siniticus. G. b. brevicaudus has been elevated to full species status with siniticus as a subspecies.

Distribution: sometimes erroneously reported from Sakhalin island and Kunashir island (Kuril Archipelago) (Gloyd and Conant, 1990; Golay et al., 1993; David and Ineich, 1999), where it is absolutely absent (Orlov & Barabanov 1999). However, presence on Kunashir has been confirmed by Orlov et al. 2014. Populations from China and Korea have been assigned to G. brevicauda, hence not present in China (S Liaoning, Beijing area, C China west to Guizhou and Sichuan) anymore. For a map of localities see Shi et al. 2021: 102 (Fig. 6)

Diet: The diet of Gloydius blomhoffii on Kinkasan Island exclusively consisted of a frog, Rana tagoi, which is the only amphibian species inhabiting Kinkasan Island (Mori & Nagata 2016). 
EtymologyNamed after the collector, Blomhoff, who was also director of the Dutch factory on Decima for more than 10 years during the early part of the 19th century. 
References
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  • Barbour, Thomas 1909. Notes on Amphibia and Reptilia from Eastern Asia. Proc. New England zool. Club 4: 53-78, 2 plates - get paper here
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  • Boie. H. 1826. Merkmale einiger japanischer Lurche. lsis von Oken, Jena. 18-19: 203 - 216 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, Vol. 3. London (Taylor & Francis), xiv + 727 pp. - get paper here
  • Chen, Y.; Zhang, D.; Jiang, K. & Wang, Z. 1992. Evaluation of Snake Venoms among Agkistrodon Species in China. Asiatic Herpetological Research 4: 58-61 - get paper here
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  • KANAMORI, SALLY; YASUHO ONISHI, YUSUKE TOMIMORI & IBUKI FUKUYAMA. 2022. GLOYDIUS BLOMHOFFII (Japanese Mamushi). DIET. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 149–150.
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  • Mori, Akira M 2021. Ecological Traits of a Common Japanese Pit Viper, the Mamushi (Gloydius blomhoffii), in Kyoto, with a Brief Geographic Comparison. Current Herpetology Feb 2021 Vol. 40, No. 1: 92-102 - get paper here
  • Mori,M. 1982. Japans Schlangen, Vols. 1-3 (80, 102, 123 pp.). Tokyo (Igaku-Shoin Ltd.) [bilingual edition in German and Japanese]
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  • Orlov, Nikolai L.; Yuri Sundukov, Ivan Kropachev 2014. Distribution of Pitvipers of «Gloydius blomhoffii» Complex in Russia with the First Records of Gloydius blomhoffii blomhoffii at Kunashir Island (Kuril Archipelago, Russian Far East). Russ. J. Herpetol. 21 (3): 169-178 - get paper here
  • Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig 1862. Über die craniologischen Verschiedenheiten der Grubenottern (Trigonocephali) und über eine neue Art der Gattung Bothriechis. Monatsber. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1862 (December): 670-674 - get paper here
  • Rendahl, Hialmar 1933. Die Unterarten des Ancistrodon halys Pall. nebst elnigen Bemerkungen zur Herpetologie Zentralasiens. Arkiv för Zoologi 25 (8): 1-31
  • Sasaki, K.; S. F. Fox, and D. Duvall 2012. Reproductive Ecology and Human-Caused Mortality in the Japanese Mamushi Snake (Gloydius blomhoffii) on the Northernmost Main Island of Japan. Journal of Herpetology 46 (4): 689-695. - get paper here
  • Schlegel, H. 1837. Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Partie Descriptive. La Haye (J. Kips, J. HZ. et W. P. van Stockum), 606 S. + xvi - get paper here
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  • Toriba, Michihisa 2006. Color aberrants of Gloydius blomhoffii found in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of the Herpetological Society of Japan 2006 (1):19-21. - get paper here
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  • Trutnau, L. 2002. Einiges über die Biologie und Terrarienhaltung der Ussuri-Mamushi Agkistrodon blomhoffi ussuriensis (EMELIANOV 1929). Herpetofauna 24 (137): 5-12 - get paper here
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  • Yosida, Tosihide H.; Toriba, Michihisa. 1986. Chromosome evolution and speciation of reptiles. I. Karyotype of the Japanese mamushi, Agkistrodon blomhoffii blomhoffii (Viperidae, Crotalinae) with special regard to the sex chromosomes. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences 62(1):13-16 - get paper here
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