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Hemidactylus turcicus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

IUCN Red List - Hemidactylus turcicus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaGekkonidae, Gekkota, Sauria, Squamata (lizards: geckos)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Mediterranean House Gecko, Turkish Gecko
G: Europäischer Halbfingergecko
Croatian: kućni macaklin
Russian: турецкий полупалый геккон
S: Geco del Mediterráneo
Italian: geco verrucoso 
SynonymLacerta turcica LINNAEUS 1758: 202
Lacerta turcica LINNAEUS 1766 (fide SCHLEICH et al.)
Gekko turcicus — MEYER 1795: 26
Gecus cyanodactylus RAFINESQUE-SCHMALTZ 1810: 9
Gecko meridionalis RISSO 1826: 87
Hemidactylus robustus HEYDEN 1827
Gecko verruculatus CUVIER 1829: 54
Gecko verruculatus — CUVIER 1831: 146
Gecko verrucosus GRAY 1831: 50 (in error)
Hemidactylus verruculatus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 359
Hemidactylus karachiensis MURRAY 1884
Hemidactylus vermiculatus — GRAY 1845: ix (in error)
Hemidactylus vermiculatus — HALLOWELL 1857: 148
Hemidactylus turcicus sp. 1767 — BÖTTGER 1879: 74
Hemidactylus turcicus — BÖTTGER 1885
Hemidactylus turcicus — BOULENGER 1885: 126
Hemidactylus exsul BARBOUR & COLE 1906: 148
Hemidactylus turcicus — SCORTECCI 1929: 313
Hemidactylus turcicus spinalis BUCHHOLZ 1954
Hemidactylus turcicus — STEBBINS 1985: 113
Hemidactylus robustus — LANZA 1990
Hemidactylus turcicus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 417
Hemidactylus turcicus — KLUGE 1993
Hemidactylus turcicus — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Hemidactylus turcicus — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 236
Hemidactylus turcicus — KÖHLER 2000: 48
Hemidactylus robustus — SINDACO et al. 2007
Hemidactylus robustus — SINDACO et al. 2009
Hemidactylus cf. turcicus — SINDACO et al. 2014
Hemidactylus turcicus — MEIRI et al. 2019 
DistributionPortugal, Spain (introduced to Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Cabrera), France (incl. Corsica), Italy (incl. Lampedusa island, Elba, Sardinia), Albania, Greece, (incl. Kalymnos, Paros, Antiparos, Despotiko, Lesbos, Chios, Limnos, Samos, Samothraki, Milos: Kimolos, Tinos, Corfu, Cyprus), Malta, costal Croatia (except W Istria), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Adriatic islands, Turkey

Africa: N Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt (incl. Sinai), Somalia, Eritrea, N Sudan (Jumhūriyyat), Republic of South Sudan (RSS)

Middle East: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, N Yemen (Socotra Archipelago),
Iraq, Saudi Arabia (incl. Farasan Islands)

Asia: Pakistan, India, Russia (introduced to Sochi)

Balearic Islands (Island Addaya Grande), Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands (introduced to Gran Canaria and Tenerife),
Red Sea,

Americas: Introduced to Panama, Puerto Rico, Belize ? (P. Stafford, pers. comm.)
Introduced to Mexico (Guanajuato, Chiapas, Baja California [HR 31: 254], Chihuahua [HR 32: 276], Durango [HR 32: 276], Nuevo Leon, Yucatan; Campeche, Sonora, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Oaxaca, Baja California, Jalisco, Veracruz, Quéretaro),
Cuba (introduced), Bermuda Islands
Introduced to S USA (Louisiana, Alabama, Texas [HR 32: 57], Arizona, Florida (BARBOUR 1936), Arkansas [HR 30: 110; 21: 22], Mississippi [KEISER 1984], South Carolina [HR 31: 53, 49:73], Georgia [HR 14: 27-28, 49: 73], Kansas [J. Kansas Herpetol. 19: 8] Oklahoma, Virginia, Maryland, California [CROTHER 2000], Nevada [HR 24: 154], New Mexico [HR 23: 62], Pennsylvania [HR 50: 536], North Carolina [Beane 2019])

parkeri: Zanzibar (introduced?), Eritrea and Dahlak islands, Somalia (LANZA 1983)

Type locality: “Oriente” [= Asian Turkey fide (Mertens and Müller 1928, 1940, KHAN 2005]; Smith and Taylor (1950a,b) restricted the type locality to Cairo, Egypt, without providing any explanation. Schmidt (1953) and Moravec et al. 2011 proposed “Asiatic Turkey” as the type locality.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: Unlocated (Anderson 1999, Baha El Din 2005)
Holotype: MCZ 7039 [exsul]
Holotype: ZFMK 9235 [spinalis] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (402 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy mostly after KLUGE 1993, but also Rösler & Glaw 2010 and Rösler et al. 2018. Lanza (1978) removed Hemidactylus parkeri from the synonymy of H. puccionii. ARNOLD 1980 downgraded Hemidactylus parkeri to Hemidactylus turcicus parkeri. Sindaco (pers. comm.) considers Hemidactylus turcicus parkeri LOVERIDGE 1936 as a synonym of H. robustus. Moravec & Böhme (1997) mentioned Hemidactylus robustus as valid species. See also note in RÖSLER 2000: 88. Van den Berg et al. (2013) and ŠMÍD et al. (2015) rejected the subspecific status of H. t. spinalis. Hemidactylus granosus HEYDEN 1827: 17 has been removed from the synonymy of H. turcicus by ŠMID et al. 2013.

Distribution: Not listed for Somalia by LANZA 1990. Not listed for Belize by KÖHLER (2000). For a discussion of variants living on Socotra see RÖSLER & WRANIK (2004). It is likely that all records of this species in Iran actually are referred to H. robustus (Bauer, et al., 2006; Sindaco and Jeremčenko, 2008). Not in Iran fide Hosseinzadeh et al. 2014. Not in Oman (Carranza et al. 2018). Not in East Africa (i.e. Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi fide S. Spawls, pers. comm., 28 June 2018). Not in the UAE fide Burriel-Carranza et al. 2019. Recorded from Indiana,USA (Iverson 2019) but probably not established there. See Bar et al. 2021 and Pola et al. 2023 for maps. 
EtymologyNamed after the origin of the species in Turkey and surrounding countries. 
References
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