You are here » home › search results › Hierophis viridiflavus

Hierophis viridiflavus (LACÉPÈDE, 1789)

IUCN Red List - Hierophis viridiflavus - Least Concern, LC
iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Hierophis viridiflavus?

Add your own observation of
Hierophis viridiflavus »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesHierophis viridiflavus carbonarius (BONAPARTE 1833)
Hierophis viridiflavus viridiflavus (LACÉPÈDE 1789) 
Common NamesE: Green Whip Snake, Western Whip Snake, Dark Green Snake
G: Gelbgrüne Zornnatter
G: Schwarze Zornnatter [carbonarius]
Croatian: crna poljarica [carbonarius]
Italian: biacco 
SynonymCouleuvre verte et jaune LACÉPÈDE 1789 (fide DUMÉRIL et al. 1854)
Coluber atro-virens SHAW 1802: 449
Zamenis viridi-flavus — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 686
Zamenis atrovirens — MÜLLER 1881
Zamenis atrovirens — BOULENGER 1887: 345
Zamenis gemonensis var. atrovirens — WERNER 1903: 250
Coluber gemonensis gyarosensis MERTENS 1968: 181
Coluber viridiflavus kratzeri KRAMER 1971
Coluber viridiflavus antoniimanujeli CAPOLONGO 1984
Coluber viridiflavus — KAHL et al. 1980: 232
Coluber viridiflavus —SCHÄTTI & WILSON 1986
Hierophis viridiflavus — SCHÄTTI 1988
Hierophis viridiflavus — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Haemorrhois viridiflavus — WELCH
Coluber viridiflavus viridiflavus — RIMPP 1979
Hierophis viridiflavus — NAGY et al. 2004
Hierophis viridiflavus — NAGY 2010 (pers. comm.)
Hierophis viridiflavus — MEZZASALMA et al. 2015
Hierophis viridiflavus viridiflavus — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020

Hierophis viridiflavus carbonarius (BONAPARTE 1833)
Hierophis gyarosensis — SCHÄTTI 1988
Coluber gyarosensis — BÖHME 1993
Coluber gemonensis gyarosensis MERTENS 1968
Hierophis gyarosensis — NAGY et al. 2004
Dolichophis gyarosensis — NAGY et al. 2004
Hierophis viridiflavus carbonarius — UTIGER & SCHÄTTI 2004
Coluber viridiflavus carbonarius — HENLE 1985
Hierophis viridiflavus carbonarius — SCHLÜTER 2010
Dolichophis gyarosensis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 239
Hierophis viridiflavus clade W — MEZZASALMA et al. 2015
Hierophis carbonarius — MEZZASALMA et al. 2015
Hierophis carbonarius — FORNASIERO et al. 2016
Hierophis carbonarius — MEZZASALMA et al. 2018
Hierophis carbonarius — NICOLA 2019
Hierophis viridiflavus carbonarius — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020
Hierophis viridiflavus carbonarius — SINDACO & RAZZETTI 2021 
DistributionNE Spain, Andorra, France (+ Corsica), S Switzerland,
coastal Croatia (including some Adriatic islands), Slovenia,
Italy (+ Sardinia, Elba), Malta

carbonarius: Italy (Istria, west of the Apennine, Sicily), “Yugoslavia” (near Rovinj etc.); Type locality: Monti Euganei, Padua.

gyarosensis: Greece (Gyaros Island); Type locality: Gyaros Island

kratzeri: Montecristo Island

Type locality: S France  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: nondesignated, location unknown.
Holotype: ZFMK 4332, paratypes: ZFMK, SMF, ZMB 79572 (formerly ZFMK) [gyarosensis]
Syntypes: ANSP 5427–5431, 5 specimens, Bonaparte colletion [carbonarius] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): “Loreal and preocular single (the latter rarely divided). Usually eight supralabials (seven to nine), fourth and fifth entering eye. Anterior subocular situated between third and fourth supralabial; sometimes very small or, rarely, lacking in Hierophis jugulars; occasionally absent or with an additional small scale in H. spinalis. Two postoculars, normally only upper in contact with parietal. Usually two (one to, sometimes, three) scales in first row of temporals, and two or three (rarely one) in second. Nine or ten (eight to twelve) sublabials (Tb. 3). Ventrals in d 6 163-174 (gemonensis) and 178-211, 99 168-182 and 194-227, respectively; subcaudals 86-125 (66) and 84-117 (9 %). Maximum total length ca. 100 cm (cypriensis, gemonensis, spinalis) to over 200 cm (caspius, jugularis). Dorsal scales with paired apical pits, in 17 longitudinal rows at neck (15th ventral), 17-19 msr, and 13-15 in front of vent. A lateral increase of the number of dsr on anterior portion of trunk except in Hierophis cypriensis and H. spinalis. One (spinalis) or two lateral reductions involving rows 2-5 on both sides of posterior portion of body; a third fusion (rows 6-8), in most cases unilateral (i.e., 14 dsr prior to vent), sometimes occurs in H. caspius. H. cypriensis has 17 sr throughout the forebody, a first reduction involving the third and fourth row at 61-68%ven, and a paravertebral or vertebral reduction (rows 6+7 or 7+8) to 13 dsr situated between 66-79%ven (Tbs 2-3). Maxillary with 12-19 teeth, palatinum 8-12, pterygoid 10-12 (spinalis) and 14-23, and dentary 14-23. Vertebra ratios are: lc/wn 1.16-1.58, lc/wp 0.68-0.82, nc/wn 0.88-1.28 (Tb. 2). Hemipenis with 3-6 distinct rows of spines; enlarged basal hook present in Hierophis cypriensis, H. gemonensis, and H. spinalis. Apex calculate and bulbous in everted state (two longitudinal grooves in situ); borders of calyces denticulate proximally, usually smooth towards apex.” (Schätti & Monsch 2004: 242.)


Additional details (1202 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentNomenclature: SAVAGE (2003) suggested to reject Lacepède’s (1788) “Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupèdes Ovipares” as a non-binominal work (Case 3226; Bull. Zool. Nom. 60 (2)). In 1987 and 2005 the ICZN ruled accordingly in opinions 1463 and 2104. However, this name has been retained via Opinion 1686.

Distribution: not on Cyprus fide F. BAIER (pers. comm.). See map for carbonarius and viridiflavus in Mezzasalma et al. (2015: Fig. 7: H. viridiflavus, H. gemonensis, Mezzasalma et al. 2018: Fig. 1, including carbonarius, and Stornioli et al. 2022). Not listed by SCHÄTTI & WILSON 1986. Not listed by Göcmen et al. (2009). For a map see also Sindaco et al. 2013.

Type species: Coluber viridiflavus Lacepede is the type species of the genus Hierophis FITZINGER in BONAPARTE 1834: (in 1832-1841: 38).

Synonymy: UTIGER & SCHÄTTI (2004) synonymized Coluber gemonensis gyarosensis with Hierophis viridiflavus. Kaiser et al. 2013 considered the generic name Yeomansus Hoser 2012 invalid and rejected its use instead of Hierophis. Not listed by ENGELMANN et al. (1993), who list only Coluber laurenti.

Subspecies: Nicola 2019 in his key to Italian snakes did not key out or diagnose viridiflavus from carbonarius and only said that they show the “viridiflavus” or “carbonarius”phenotype. Meier et al. 2023 showed extensive gene flow between the two populations, hence their status as subspecies seems justified. 
References
  • Avella, SeaIgnazio; Riccardo Castiglia, Gabriele Senczuk 2017. Who are you? The genetic identity of some insular populations of Hierophis viridiflavus s.l. from the Tyrrhenian Acta Herpetologica 12 (2): 209-214 - get paper here
  • Bassu, L.; V. Nulchis, M. G. Satta, C. Fresi & C. Corti 2008. Atlas of amphibians and reptiles of Sardinia - state of the art and general considerations. Herpetologia Sardiniae (Claudia Corti, ed.), Edizioni Belvedere, 504 pp.
  • Berroneau, M. et al. 2010. Guide des Amphibiens et Reptiles d’Aquitaine. Association Cistude Nature, 180 pp.
  • Billy, G., Barbraud, C., Dahirel, M., & Bonnet, X. 2024. Does strict protection status harm snake populations in a temperate forest? Journal for Nature Conservation, 126683 - get paper here
  • Böhme, Wolfgang 2014. Herpetology in Bonn. Mertensiella 21. vi + 256 pp. - get paper here
  • Böhme,W. 1993. Coluber gyarosensis - Gyaros-Pfeilnatter. In: Böhme,W. (ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 3/I., Schlangen (Serpentes) I. Aula-Verlag Wiesbaden, pp. 111-114
  • Bonaparte, C.L. 1833. Iconografia della fauna Italica per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tomo II. Amfibi. Fasc. 2–5 (1833). Tipografie Salviucci, Roma, 65 pp., 153 pls - get paper here
  • Bonnet, X., Ballouard, J. M., Billy, G., & Meek, R. 2021. Repeated use of high risk nesting areas in the European whip snake, Hierophis viridiflavus. Herpetological Journal, 31(3)
  • BONNET, XAVIER; C. DE HAAN, G. DESO, J.M. BALLOUARD, G. BILLY & F. BRISCHOUX. 2022. Combats entre mâles chez les couleuvres verte et jaune et de Montpellier: les protagonistes recherchent-ils le contact ? Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 180: 57–60. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1888. Second list of reptiles and batrachians from Cyprus. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 2: 505-506 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1887. List of reptiles and batrachians from Cyprus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 20: 344-345 - get paper here
  • Bowles, Frank D. 2001. A short note on the herpetofauna of the Palinuro Peninsula, Cliento, Southern Campania, Italy. Herpetological Bulletin (77): 30-32 - get paper here
  • Canova,Luca & Manuela Marchesi 2007. Amphibian and reptile communities in eleven Sites of Community Importance (SCI): relations between SCI area, heterogeneity and richness. Acta Herpetologica 2 (2): 87-96
  • Capizzi, Dario; Capula, Massimo; Capula, Massimo; Rugiero, Lorenzo; Luiselli, Luca 2008. Dietary patterns of two sympatric Mediterranean snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus and Zamenis longissimus) along a gradient of habitat alteration. The Herpetological Journal 18: 141-146 - get paper here
  • Capolongo, D. 1984. Note sull´ erpetofauna Pugliese. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 125: 189-200 - get paper here
  • CAPULA, M. & FILIPPI, E. & LUISELLI, L. & TRUJILLO JESUS, V. 1997. The ecology of the Western Whip Snake, Coluber viridiflavus (LACEPEDE, 1789), in Mediterranean Central Italy. Herpetozoa 10 - get paper here
  • Capula, M.; L. Luiselli & L. Rugiero 2008. Variazioni della dieta in relazione allo stato di conservazione dei siti in Hierophis viridiflavus e Zamenis longissimus (Reptilia: Colubridae). Herpetologia Sardiniae (Claudia Corti, ed.), Edizioni Belvedere, 504 pp.
  • Capula, Massimo; Rugiero, Lorenzo; Capizzi, Dario; Milana, Giuliano; Vignoli, Leonardo; Franco, Daniel; Petrozzi, Fabio; Luiselli, Luca 2014. Long-term, climate change-related shifts in monthly patterns of roadkilled Mediterranean snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus). The Herpetological Journal 24 (2): 97-102 - get paper here
  • Corti, C., Biaggini, M., Nulchis, V., Cogoni, R., Cossu, I. M., Frau, S., ... & Bassu, L. 2022. Species diversity and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Sardinia, Italy. Acta Herpetologica, 17(2), 125-133
  • Delaugerre, M., & Cheylan, M. 1992. Atlas de répartition des batraciens et reptiles de Corse. Ajaccio Parc naturel régional de Corse: Ecole pratique des hautes études, 128 pp. - get paper here
  • Delaugerre, Michel-Jean. 2013. Going out tonight? When insular Hierophis viridiflavus breaks the Whip Snakes rules. Acta Herpetologica 8 (1): 47-52
  • DI NICOLA, MATTEO RICCARDO 2019. A revised dichotomous key to the snakes of Italy (Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes), according to recent systematic updates. Zootaxa 4686 (2): 294–296 - get paper here
  • Dossenbach, H.D., & Ganz, A. 1977. Die Reptilien der Schweiz. Naturf. Gesell. Schaffhausen, Switzerland, Neujahrsblatt nr. 30, 31 pp.
  • Dummermuth, S. 2009. Bemerkungen zu einem “Giftbiss” durch eine Gelbgrüne Zornnatter (Hierophis viridiflavus). Elaphe 17 (2): 66-68
  • Engelmann, W.E. et al. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag (Radebeul, Germany), 440 pp.
  • Felicioli, Antonio, Simona Sagona, Michele Corazza, Carlo Pretti and Marco A. L. Zuffi. 2013. Water-soluble proteinase activity of gastric fluids in the European Whip Snake, Hierophis viridiflavus: an experimental preliminary survey. Acta Herpetologica 8 (2): 147-152 - get paper here
  • FILIPPI, E. & CAPULA, M. & LUISELLI, L. 2004. Dietary shifts in the Western Whip Snake Coluber viridiflavus LACÉPÈDE, 1789, of the small Mediterranean island of Ustica. Herpetozoa 16 - get paper here
  • Filippi, Ernesto 2003. The effects of timbering on a snake community of a Mediterranean area of central Italy. Amphibia-Reptilia 24 (1): 75-78 - get paper here
  • Filippi, Ernesto; Anibaldi, Claudio; Capizzi, Dario; Ceccarelli, Arianna; Capula, Massimo; Luiselli, Luca 2007. Long-term fidelity to communal oviposition sites in Hierophis viridiflavus. The Herpetological Journal 17: 7-13 - get paper here
  • Filippi, Ernesto; Luiselli, Luca 2006. Changes in community composition, habitats and abundance of snakes over 10+ years in a protected area in Italy: conservation implications. The Herpetological Journal 16: 29-36 - get paper here
  • Forman, F. & Forman, B. 1981. Herpetologische Beobachtungen auf Korsika. Herpetofauna 3 (10): 12-16 - get paper here
  • Fornasiero, S., E. Bresciani, F. Dendi & M.A.L. Zuffi 2007. Pheromone Trailing Behaviour in Males European Whip Snake, Hierophis viridiflavus Amphibia-Reptilia, 28(4): 555-559. - get paper here
  • Fornasiero, Sara; Bresciani, Elisa; Dendi, Federica; Zuffi, Marco A.L. 2007. Pheromone trailing in male European whip snake, Hierophis viridiflavus. Amphibia-Reptilia 28 (4): 555-559 - get paper here
  • Fornasiero, Sara; Dendi, Federica; Bresciani, Elisa; Cecchinelli, Elena; Zuffi, Marco A.L. 2011. The scent of the others: chemical recognition in two distinct populations of the European whip snake, Hierophis viridiflavus. Amphibia-Reptilia 32 (1): 39-47 - get paper here
  • Fornasiero, Sara; Xavier Bonnet, Federica Dendi, Marco A.L. Zuffi 2016. Growth, longevity and age at maturity in the European whip snakes, Hierophis viridiflavus and H. carbonarius. Acta Herpetologica 11 (2): 135-149 - get paper here
  • Geniez, Philippe 2018. Snakes of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Princeton University Press, 384 pp. - get paper here
  • Grano, M. & Grano, P. 2006. Herpetofauna of the Capocotta Sand Dunes. Reptilia (GB) (44): 47-51 - get paper here
  • Gruber, U. 2009. Die Schlangen Europas, 2. Aufl. Kosmos Naturführer, 266 pp.
  • Heimes, P. 1993. Coluber viridiflavus - Gelbgrüne Zornnatter. In: Böhme,W. (ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 3/I., Schlangen (Serpentes) I. Aula-Verlag Wiesbaden, pp. 177-198
  • Henle, K. 1985. Ökologische, zoogeographische und systematische Bemerkungen zur Herpetofauna Jugoslawiens. Salamandra 21 (4): 229-251 - get paper here
  • Hoser, R.T. 2012. Yeomansus: a new genus for the slender racer (Serpentes: Colubridae). Australasian J. Herpetol. 14:3–5. - get paper here
  • ICZN 1992. OPINION 1686: Natrix gemonensis LAURENTI, 1768 (currently Coluber gemonensis), Coluber viridiflavus LACÉPÈDE, 1789 and Coluber helveticus LACÉPÈDE, 1789 (currently Natrix natrix helvetica) (Reptilia, Serpentes): specific names conserved. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 49:174-175. - get paper here
  • Joger, U.; Fritz, U.; Guicking, D.; Kalyabina-Hauf, S.; Nagy, Z.T. & Wink, M. 2007. Phylogeography of western Palaearctic reptiles – Spatial and temporal speciation patterns. Zoologischer Anzeiger 246: 293–313 - get paper here
  • Kahl B, Gaupp P & Schmidt G 1980. Das Terrarium. Falken Verlag, Niederhausen (Germany), 336 pp.
  • Kaiser, H.; Crother, B.I.; Kelly, C.M.R.; Luiselli, L.; O’Shea, M.; Ota, H.; Passos, P.; Schleip, W.D. & Wüster, W. 2013. Best Practices: In the 21st Century, Taxonomic Decisions in Herpetology are Acceptable Only When Supported by a Body of Evidence and Published via Peer-Review. Herpetological Review 44 (1): 8-23
  • Kolodziej, Kai & Philip Prokosch 2018. Nord-Kroatien – eine herpetologische Fotosafari. Terraria-Elaphe 2018 (4): 40-49 - get paper here
  • Kramer, E. 1971. Revalidierte und neue Rassen der europäischen Schlangenfauna. Lav.Soc. ital. Biogeogr., ForlÏ, n.s. 1: 667-678 - get paper here
  • Kreiner, G. 2009. Die Schlangen Nordspaniens - Reiseeindrücke aus dem Kantabrischen Gebirge und angrenzenden Gebieten. Draco 10 (39): 38-48 - get paper here
  • Kulbe, J. 2000. Beobachtung eines Kommentkampfes bei Coluber viridiflavus viridiflavus LACÉPÈDE, 1789, auf Korsika. Sauria 22 (1): 45-46 - get paper here
  • Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp.
  • Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Liste der Reptilien Europas. Draco 15 (60): 72-79 - get paper here
  • Lacépède, B. G. E. 1788. Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupe des Ovipares et des Serpens. Vol.1. Imprimerie du Roi, Hôtel de Thou, Paris, xvii + 651 pp. - get paper here
  • Lacepède, B. G. E. 1789. Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupèdes Ovipares et de Serpens. Vol.2. lmprimerie du Roi, Hôtel de Thou, Paris, 671 pp. - get paper here
  • Lantermann, W. & Y. Lantermann 2011. Paarung der Gelbgrünen Zornnatter (Hierophis viridiflavus) auf Malta Terraria (29) 6 (3): 6-9.
  • Lelièvre, Herve; Coraline Moreau, Gabriel Blouin-Demers, Xavier Bonnet, and Olivier Lourdais 2012. Two Syntopic Colubrid Snakes Differ In Their Energetic Requirements and In Their Use of Space. Herpetologica 68 (3): 358-364. - get paper here
  • Lelièvre, Hervé; Legagneux, Pierre; Blouin-Demers, Gabriel; Bonnet, Xavier; Lourdais, Olivier 2012. Trophic niche overlap in two syntopic colubrid snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus and Zamenis longissimus) with contrasted lifestyles. Amphibia-Reptilia 33 (1): 37-44 - get paper here
  • Meek, Roger & Luca Luiselli 2021. Decision making under risk of predation in the western whip snake Hierophis viridiflavus. The Herpetological Bulletin (157) - get paper here
  • Meier, N., Lucek, K., Zuffi, M. A., Storniolo, F., Mezzasalma, M., Geniez, P., ... & Ursenbacher, S. 2023. Extensive gene flow suggests lack of reproductive barriers between the two subspecies of the green whip snake, Hierophis viridiflavus (Squamata: Colubridae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, blad062 - get paper here
  • MEIER, NOAH; SYLVAIN DUBEY, OLIVIER GLAIZOT, ANDREAS SCHMITZ, NICOLA ZAMBELLI & SYLVAIN URSENBACHER. 2022. Where are you from? Origin determination of the introduced green whip snake, Hierophis viridiflavus (Squamata: Colubridae), in Switzerland. Herpetology Notes 15: 335–344. - get paper here
  • Mertens,R. 1968. Eine schwarze Zornnatter von den Cycladen: Coluber gemonensis gyarosensis n. subsp.. Senckenbergiana biologica 46 (1): 5-9
  • Mezzasalma M; Di Febbraro M; Guarino F; Odierna G; Russo D 2018. Cold-blooded in the Ice Age: “refugia within refugia”, inter-and intraspecific biogeographic diversification of European whipsnakes (Squamata, Colubridae, Hierophis). Zoology 127: 84-94 - get paper here
  • Mezzasalma, M., Visone, V., Petraccioli, A., Odierna, G., Capriglione, T. and Guarino, F. M. 2016. Non-random accumulation of LINE1-like sequences on differentiated snake W chromosomes. Journal of Zoology. doi:10.1111/jzo.12355 - get paper here
  • Mezzasalma, Marcello; Andrea Dall'Asta, Anna Loy, Marc Cheylan, Petros Lymberakis, Marco A. L. Zuffi, Ljiljana Tomović, Gaetano Odierna and Fabio M. Guarino 2015. A sisters’ story: comparative phylogeography and taxonomy of Hierophis viridiflavus and H. gemonensis (Serpentes, Colubridae). Zoologica Scripta 44: 495–508; DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12115 - get paper here
  • MONDINO, ANNE; JULIEN CROVADORE, FRANÇOIS LEFORT & SYLVAIN URSENBACHER. 2022. Impact of invading species on biodiversity: Diet study of the green whip snake’s (Hierophis viridiflavus, L. 1789) in Switzerland. Global Ecology and Conservation 38: e02239. - get paper here
  • Müller, Friedrich 1881. Zweiter Nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums [1881 printed on paper]. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 7 (2): 166-174. - get paper here
  • Nagy, Z.T., J.F. Schmidtler, U. Joger & M. Wink 2003. Systematik der Zwergnattern (Reptilia: Colubridae: Eirenis) und verwandter Gruppen anhand von DNA-Sequenzen und morphologischen Daten. Salamandra 39 (3-4): 149-168 - get paper here
  • Nagy, Z.T.; R. Lawson, U. Joger, M. Wink 2004. Molecular systematics of racers, whipsnakes and relatives (Reptilia: Colubridae) using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 42 (3): 223-233 - get paper here
  • Naulleau, G. 1987. Les serpents de France, 2.ed. Rev. Francaise d'Aquariologie, Herpet. (Nancy) 56 pp. - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Paterna, A. 2023. Intraspecific oophagy in Hierophis viridiflavus (Serpentes: Colubridae) during oviposition in a controlled environment. Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology, 22(1), 29-35 - get paper here
  • Paterna, A. 2023. The role of modified teeth in the function of prolonged bites in Hierophis viridiflavus (Serpentes: Colubridae) Alessandro Paterna. Phyllomedusa 22(2):121–130
  • Paterna, Alessandro 2015. Morphological Traits of Hatchlings of the Western Whip Snake Hierophis viridiflavus (Lacépède, 1789) from a Central Italian Population. Russ. J. Herpetol. 22 (3): 179-187 - get paper here
  • Pawlowski, S. & Krämer, C. 2009. Bemerkungen zur Herpetologie des nordwestlichen Kroatiens. Sauria 31 (4): 19-30 - get paper here
  • Philippen,H. D. & Rogner,M. 1986. Zur Biologie und Ökologie der Schlangen Korsikas. Herpetofauna 8 (44): 25-29 - get paper here
  • Pottier G., Paumier J.-M., Tessier M., Barascud Y., Talhoët S., Liozon R., D’Andurain P., Vacher J.-P., Barthe L., Heaulmé V., Esslinger M., Arthur C.-P., Calvet A., Maurel C. & Redon H. 2008. Atlas de répartition des reptiles et amphibiens de Midi-Pyrénées. Les atlas naturalistes de Midi-Pyrénées. Nature Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, 126 pp.
  • Rato, C., M.A.L. Zuffi, C. Corti, S. Fornasiero, A. Gentilli, E. Razzetti, S. Scali, M.A. Carretero & D.J. Harris 2009. Phylogeography of the European Whip Snake, Hierophis viridiflavus (Colubridae), using mtDNA and nuclear DNA sequences Amphibia-Reptilia, 30(2): 283-289. - get paper here
  • Reading, C. J.; L. M. Luiselli, G. C. Akani, X. Bonnet, G. Amori, J. M. Ballouard, E. Filippi, G. Naulleau, D. Pearson, L. Rugiero 2010. Are snake populations in widespread decline? Biol. Lett. 2010 6 777-780; DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0373 - get paper here
  • Rimpp, K. 1979. Herpetologische Skizzen aus Sardinien. Herpetofauna 1 (2): 24-27 - get paper here
  • ROMANO ANTONIO, GIACOMO ROSA; SEBASTIANO SALVIDIO, RICCARDO NOVAGA & ANDREA COSTA. 2022. How landscape and biotic interactions shape a Mediterranean reptile community. Landscape Ecology 37: 2915–2927. - get paper here
  • Romano, A., Sansone, L., Cacace, A., & Biancolini, D. 2023. Diversity, distribution, habitat preferences and community assemblages of Amphibians and Reptiles in the “Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni” National Park (Campania, Southern Italy). Acta Herpetologica, 18(2), 115-129 - get paper here
  • RUGIERO, L. & CAPULA, M. & VIGNOLI, L. & LUISELLI, L. 2012. Interpreting dispersal patterns of reproductive female Hierophis viridiflavus (LACÉPÈDE, 1789), around a communal nesting site. Herpetozoa 25 (3/4): 143-150 - get paper here
  • Rugiero, Lorenzo; Capula, Massimo; Vignoli, Leonardo; Luiselli, Luca 2012. Offspring condition determines dispersal patterns in western whip snakes, Hierophis viridiflavus. The Herpetological Journal 22 (4): 259-261 - get paper here
  • Rugiero, Lorenzo; Luca Luiselli, Massimo Capula, Fabio Petrozzi, Massimiliano Di Vittorio, Nic Pacini, Leonardo Vignoli, Daniele Dendi, Giuliano Milana, Giovanni Amori & Roger Meek 2020. Snakes and the Eternal City: variation in community metrics, body size and population density of snakes in contrasted landscapes of suburban Rome (Italy). The Herpetological Journal 30: 69-82 - get paper here
  • Salvi, Daniele; Pierluigi Bombi 2010. Reptiles of Sardinia: updating the knowledge on their distribution. Acta Herpetologica 5 (2): 161-178 - get paper here
  • Santos, X., Pleguezuelos, J. M., Chergui, B., Geniez, P., & Cheylan, M. 2022. Citizen-science data shows long-term decline of snakes in southwestern Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation, 1-17 - get paper here
  • Savage, J.M. 2003. Lacepéde, B.G.É. de la V., 1788, Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupédes Ovipares: proposed rejection as a non-binomial work. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 60 (2): 138 - get paper here
  • Scali, Stefano; Marco Mangiacotti, Anna Bonardi 2008. Living on the edge: habitat selection of Hierophis viridiflavus. Acta Herpetologica 3 (2): 85-97
  • Schätti B; Wilson L D 1986. Coluber Linnaeus. Holarctic racers. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles ( 399: 1-4 - get paper here
  • Schätti, B. 1988. Systematik und Evolution der Schlangengattung Hierophis Fitzinger, 1843. PhD Diss. Univ. Zürich 1988
  • Schätti, B. & S. VANNI 1986. Intraspecific Variation in Coluber viridiflavus Lacépède, 1789, and validity of its subspecies (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 93 (1): 219-232. - get paper here
  • Schatti, B.; Stimson, A.F.; Henle, K. 1991. Natrix gemonensis Laurenti, 1768 (currently Coluber gemonesis), Coluber viridiflavus Lacepede, 1789 and Coluber helveticus Lacepede, 1789 (currently Natrix natrix helvetica). Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 48 (1): 50 - get paper here
  • Schlüter, U. 2009. Die Schlangenfauna Europas. Draco 10 (39): 4-21 - get paper here
  • Schlüter, Uwe 2010. Die Herpetofauna von Gozo, Comino und Satelliteninseln. Draco 11 (42): 26-33
  • Schmid, A. 2014. Winter adieu. Frühlingstage an der Côte d’Azur. Reptilia (Münster) 19 (106): 43-46
  • Schmid, A. 2018. Touristenhölle und Naturparadies – unterwegs in Nordost-Italien. Reptilia 23 (132): 72-78
  • Schmidt, Dieter 2012. Giftbisse von giftigen und „harmlosen“ Schlangen. Teil 2. Terraria-Elaphe 2012 (3): 68-75 - get paper here
  • Schweiger, M. 2012. Die Schlangenfauna der kroatischen Insel Krk. Ophidia 6 (2): 2-18 - get paper here
  • Senczuk, G., Gramolini, L., Avella, I., Mori, E., Menchetti, M., Aloise, G., & Castiglia, R. 2021. No association between candidate genes for color determination and color phenotype in Hierophis viridiflavus, and characterization of a contact zone. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research - get paper here
  • Silva-Rocha, Iolanda Raquel; Daniele Salvi, Miguel A. Carretero and Gentile Francesco Ficetola 2019. Alien reptiles on Mediterranean Islands A model for invasion biogeography. Diversity and Distributions 25 (6): 995-1005 - get paper here
  • Sindaco, R.; Alberto Venchi & Cristina Grieco 2013. The Reptiles of the Western Palearctic, Volume 2: Annotated Checklist and Distributional Atlas of the Snakes of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia, with an Update to Volume 1. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 543 pp. - get paper here
  • SINDACO, ROBERTO & EDOARDO RAZZETTI. 2021. An updated check-list of Italian amphibians and reptiles. Natural History Sciences 8(2): 35–46. - get paper here
  • Speybroeck, Jeroen; Wouter Beukema, Christophe Dufresnes, Uwe Fritz, Daniel Jablonski, Petros Lymberakis, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Edoardo Razzetti, Melita Vamberger, Miguel Vences, Judit Vörös0, Pierre-André Crochet 2020. Species list of the European herpetofauna – 2020 update by the Taxonomic Committee of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica.. Amphibia-Reptilia 41: 139-189 - get paper here
  • Steward, J. W. 1971. The Snakes of Europe. David and Charles, 238 pp.
  • Storniolo, F., Mangiacotti, M., Zuffi, M. A., Scali, S., & Sacchi, R. 2022. Large scale phenotypic characterisation of Hierophis viridiflavus (Squamata: Serpentes) suggests genetic admixture between closely related lineages ResearchSquare preprint - get paper here
  • Toth, Tamas; Miklós Heltai, Andrea Keszi, Goran Susic, Levente Moharos, Balazs Farkas, Csaba Geczy, Orsolya Torda, Janos Gal 2017. Herpetofauna inventory of the small islands of the Cres-Losinj Archipelago (North Adriatic Sea, Croatia) (Amphibia; Reptilia). Herpetozoa 30 (1/2): 21 - 28 - get paper here
  • Trapp, Benny 2010. Artenmarathon auf Sardinien. Draco 11 (42): 54-64
  • Trapp, Benny 2017. Andere Zeiten, andere Sitten: europäische Schlangen im Terrarium. Terraria-Elaphe 2017 (6): 14-23 - get paper here
  • TREPTE, M. 1993. Kommentkämpfe bei der Barren - Ringelnatter Natrix helvetica LACEPEDE und der Gelbgrünen Zornnatter Coluber viridiflavus viridiflavus LACEPEDE. Sauria 15 (2): 17-19 - get paper here
  • Trutnau, L. 1975. Europäische Amphibien und Reptilien. Belser Verlag, Stuttgart 212 pp.
  • Utiger, U.; Schätti, B. 2004. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Cyprus racer, Hierophis cypriensis, and the systematic status of Coluber gemonensis gyarosensis Mertens (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubrinae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 111 (1): 225-238 - get paper here
  • Venchi, Alberto and Roberto Sindaco 2006. Annotated checklist of the reptiles of the Mediterranean countries, with keys to species identification. Part 2 -Snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "G. Doria", Genova, XCVIII: 259-364
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werner, F. 1903. Neue Reptilien und Batrachier aus dem naturhistorischen Museum in Brüssel. Zool. Anz. 26: 246-253 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2013. Das Geheimnis der Feuerschneisen. Terraria-Elaphe 2013 (3): 36-43 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2013. Toskana. Ein herpetologischer Überblick. Terraria-Elaphe 2013 (3): 41-24 - get paper here
  • Zuffi, M.A.L. 2008. Colour pattern variation in populations of the European Whip Snake, Hierophis viridiflavus: does geography explain everything? Amphibia-Reptilia, 29(2): 229-233. - get paper here
  • Zuffi, Marco A.L; Fornasiero, Sara; Bonnet, Xavier 2007. Geographic variation in reproductive output of female European whip snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus). The Herpetological Journal 17: 219-224 - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:

As link to this species use URL address:

https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Hierophis&species=viridiflavus

without field 'search_param'. Field 'search_param' is used for browsing search result.



Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator