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Hydrodynastes bicinctus (HERMANN, 1804)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Herrmann's Water Snake
Portuguese: Cobra-Coral, Cobra-D’água, Coral-D’água, Falsa-Cobra-D’água, Jararacuçu 
SynonymColuber bicinctus HERMANN 1804: 276
Elaps schrankii WAGLER 1824: 1
Elaps schrankii — SPIX 1824: 1
Xenodon bi-cinctus — SCHLEGEL 1837: 95
Liophis bi-cinctus — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 716
Lejosophis bicinctus – JAN 1863
Dugandia bicincta — DUNN 1944
Dugandia bicincta — HOGE 1952: 226
Hydrodynastes bicinctus — HOGE 1958: 222
Hydrodynastes bicintus — HOGE 1964: 77 (in error)
Hydrodynastes bicinctus bicinctus — HOGE 1966: 143
Hydrodynastes bicinctus schultzi HOGE 1966: 143
Hydrodynastes bicinctus schultzi — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 127
Hydrodynastes bicinctus bicinctus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 127
Hydrodynastes bicinctus — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Hydrodynastes bicinctus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Hydrodynastes bicinctus bicinctus — FRANCO et al. 2007
Hydrodynastes bicinctus schultzi — FRANCO et al. 2007
Hydrodynastes bicinctus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 339
Hydrodynastes bicinctus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionGuiana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil (Amazonas, Rondonia, Pará, Maranhão, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Amapa, Tocantins), Colombia, Venezuela

bicinctus: Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil (Amazonas). Type locality: “none given; Rio Japurá, Brazil” (fide KORNACKER 1999). Neotype locality: “municipality of Novo Progresso (07°02’25’’S, 55°24’55’’W, about 240m [elevation]), state of Pará, Brazil”

schultzi: Brazil (São Paulo, Goias: HR 33: 226, Tocantins, Mato Grosso do Sul)  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesNeotype: MPEG 24628, Adult male, designated by MURTA-FONSECA et al. 2015; Holotype: unlocated (WALLACH et al. 2014: 333)
Paratypes: IBSP [schultzi]
Holotype: ZSM 1847/0 (lost) [Elaps schrankii] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Hydrodynastes bicinctus is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of states of characters: dorsal scales usually in 19/19/15 rows; ventral scales 164–180 in females and 154–179 in males; subcaudals 60–85 in females and 63–93 in males; prediastemal teeth 11–13; no apical pits; dorsum of body brown with darker saddle-shaped blotches; venter checkered with black and cream; postocular stripe “C” shaped, reaching gular region [from MURTA-FONSECA et al. 2015]. 
CommentSynonymy and subspecies after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 and Dunn 1944. MURTA-FONSECA et al. 2015 synonymized H. bicinctus schultzi with the nominal taxon. Hydrodynastes gigas and H. bicinctus have a recent divergence time (~1.5 mya) and both species have low genetic diversity with no geographic structure (Carvalho et al. 2023).

Type species: Coluber bicinctus HERRMANN 1804: 276 is the type species of the genus Hydrodynastes FITZINGER 1843: 25. Hoge 1958 states that the type species is Elaps schrankii = Hydrodynastes bicinctus. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin bi-, two, twice; double; having two + Latin cinctus, surround/encircle/ring; enclose. (Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., April 2024)

The genus was named apparently named after Greek hydros (ὕδρος), water + Greek dynastes (δυνάστης), a lord, master, ruler. 
References
  • ARAUJO, C.O. & ALMEIDA-SANTOS, S.M. 2011. Herpetofauna de um remanescente de Cerrado no estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 11(3): 47-62 - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Serpentes do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): 1-29 - get paper here
  • Carvalho, P.S., Santana, D.J., Zaher, H. et al. 2023. Effects of Environmental Variation in Structuring Population Genetic Variation in the False-Water Cobras (Xenodontinae: Hydrodynastes). Evol Biol (2023) - get paper here
  • Claessen, H. 2003. De slangen van de Guyanas Deel VI. Lacerta 61 (5): 177-187 - get paper here
  • Dunn, E.R. 1944. Dugandia, a new snake genus for Coluber bicinctus Herrmann. Caldasia 3 (11): 69- - get paper here
  • Filippi, F. de 1840. Catalogo Raggionato e Descrittivo ... Serpenti del Museo dell’ I. R. Universitá de Pavia. Bibliot. Ital. 99: 163-187, 306-343
  • FRANCO, FRANCISCO L.; DANIEL S. FERNANDES & BRUNO M. BENTIM 2007. A new species of Hydrodynastes Fitzinger, 1843 from central Brazil (Serpentes: Colubridae: Xenodontinae). Zootaxa 1613: 57–65 - get paper here
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