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Hypsirhynchus funereus (COPE, 1862)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Alsophiini, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Jamaican Black Racer, Jamaican Black Groundsnake 
SynonymAlsophis funereus COPE 1862: 77
Dromicus funereus — GRANT 1939
Dromicus funereus — GRANT 1940: 125
Darlingtonia funerea — CROTHER 1999
Arrhyton funereum —  MAGLIO 1970
Arrhyton funereum — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 587
Schwartzophis funereum — ZAHER et al. 2009
Hypsirhynchus funereus — HEDGES et al. 2009
Schwartzophis funereum — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012
Schwartzophis funereum — WALLACH et al. 2014: 651
Hypsirhynchus funereus — KRYSKO et al. 2015 
DistributionJamaica

Type locality: Jamaica.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: USNM 12373, designated by Buden, 1966. 
DiagnosisDESCRIPTION: Maximum SVL 479 mm; ventrals 123-139 in males, 128-140 in females; subcaudals 78-91 in males, 62-78 in females; ventrals + subcaudals 203-224 in males, 192-218 in females; dorsal scale rows at midbody 19; supralabials 7; infralabials 9; preoculars 1/1; postoculars 2/2; loreals 1/1; temporals 1+2/1+2; anal divided. Dorsum brownish black, unpatterned; head with dark cap usually darker than ground color of dorsum; juveniles often with dorsal pattern of longitudinal stripes; venter usually dark, similar in intensity to dorsum; venter paler in area of chin and throat with suffusion of darker pigmentation (Schwartz & Henderson 1991: 587). 
CommentFor illustrations see Buden, 1966. 
References
  • Buden, D. W. 1966. An evaluation of Jamaican Dromicus (Serpentes, Colubridae) with the description of a new species. Breviora (238): 1-10 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1862. Synopsis of the species of Holcosus and Ameiva, with diagnoses of new West Indian and South American Colubridae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14: 60-82. - get paper here
  • Crother, Brian I. 1999. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WEST INDIAN XENODONTINE SNAKES (SERPENTES; COLUBRIDAE) WITH COMMENTS ON THE PHYLOGENY OF SOME MAINLAND XENODONTINES. Contemporary Herpetology 2 - get paper here
  • Grant, C. 1939. Additional Data on Jamaican Snakes of the Genus Dromicus. Copeia 1939 (2): 105-106 - get paper here
  • Grant, C. 1940. The herpetology of Jamaica Il. The reptiles. Bull. Inst. Jamaica., Sci. Ser. 1: 61-148.
  • Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Hussam Zaher, Robert W. Murphy, Gustavo Scrocchi, Marco A. Benavides, Ya-Ping Zhang and Sandro L. Bonatto 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x - get paper here
  • Hedges, S. Blair; Arnaud Couloux; Vidal, Nicolas 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the Tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae). Zootaxa 2067: 1-28 - get paper here
  • KRYSKO, KENNETH L.; DAVID W. STEADMAN, LEROY P. NUÑEZ & DAVID S. LEE 2015. Molecular phylogeny of Caribbean dipsadid (Xenodontinae: Alsophiini) snakes, including identification of the first record from the Cay Sal Bank, The Bahamas. Zootaxa 4028 (3): 441–450 - get paper here
  • Maglio, Vincent J. 1970. West Indian Xenodontine colubrid snakes: Their probable origin, phylogeny, and zoogeography. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 141 (1): 1-54 - get paper here
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp.
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Zaher, Hussam; Grazziotin, Felipe Gobbi; Cadle, John E.; Murphy, Robert W.; Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de; Bonatto, Sandro L 2009. Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 49 (11): 115-153 - get paper here
 
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