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Imantodes gemmistratus (COPE, 1861)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesImantodes gemmistratus gemmistratus (COPE 1861)
Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus (GÜNTHER 1895)
Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus (COPE 1887)
Imantodes gemmistratus luciodorsus OLIVER 1942
Imantodes gemmistratus oliveri SMITH 1942
Imantodes gemmistratus splendidus (GÜNTHER 1895) 
Common NamesE: Central American Tree Snake
S: Cordelilla Escamuda 
SynonymHimantodes gemmistratus COPE 1861: 296
Dipsas cenchoa reticulata MÜLLER 1882 (nom. nud. fide WALLACH et al. 2014)
Dipsas gemmistrata — FERRARI-PEREZ 1886
Dipsas gracillima — GÜNTHER 1895 (fide VILLA et al. 1988)
Dipsas splendida — GÜNTHER 1895 (fide VILLA et al. 1988)
Himantodes hemigenius COPE 1899
Himantodes gemmistratus — BARBOUR & COLE 1906: 151
Imantodes gemmistratus — OLIVER 1937
Imantodes gemmistratus — SMITH 1942: 385
Imantodes gemmistratus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 134
Imantodes gemnistratus [sic] — PÉREZ-SANTOS & MORENO 1988
Imantodes gemmistratus — VILLA et al. 1988
Imantodes gemmistratus — LINER 1994
Imantodes gemmistratus — SAVAGE 2002
Imantodes gemmistratus — MATA-SILVA et al. 2015
Imantodes gemmistratus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 348
Imantodes gemmistratus — CURLIS et al. 2020

Imantodes gemmistratus gemmistratus (COPE 1861)
Himantodes gemmistratus COPE 1861: 296
Himantodes cenchoa var. elegans JAN 1871
Leptognathus stratissima COPE 1886: 280
Imantodes gemmistratus gemmistratus — PETERS 1954: 24
Imantodes gemmistratus gemmistratus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970

Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus (GÜNTHER 1895)
Dipsas gracillima GÜNTHER 1895: 177
Himantodes gracillimus — BOULENGER 1896: 87
Imantodes gracillimus — SMITH 1942: 387
Imantodes gracillimus — DUELLMAN 1958
Imantodes gracillimus — PONCE-CAMPOS & HUERTA-ORTEGA 1998

Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus (COPE 1887)
Dipsas gemmistrata latistrata COPE 1887: 68
Imantodes latistratus — SMITH 1942: 387
Imantodes latistratus — ZWEIFEL 1959
Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus — HARDY 1969: 171
Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus — WEBB 1984

Imantodes gemmistratus luciodorsus OLIVER 1942
Imantodes luciodorsus OLIVER 1942
Imantodes splendidus luciodorsus — SMITH 1942: 388
Imantodes gemmistratus luciodorsus — SMITH & BRANDON 1968: 60
Imantodes gemmistratus luciodorsus — KLUGE 1984: 58

Imantodes gemmistratus oliveri SMITH 1942
Imantodes splendidus oliveri SMITH 1942: 388
Imantodes gemmistratus oliveri — PETERS 1954: 23
Imantodes gemmistratus oliveri — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970
Imantodes gemmistratus reticulatus KRAMER 1978 (fide SMITH et al. 1995)

Imantodes gemmistratus splendidus (GÜNTHER 1895)
Dipsas splendida GÜNTHER 1895: 176
Himantodes splendidus — SCHMIDT & ANDREWS 1936: 176
Imantodes splendidus splendidus SMITH 1942: 388 
DistributionMexico (Morelos, S Sonora, Sinaloa, Veracruz, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Jalisco, Querétaro [HR 27: 213], Puebla, Campeche, Guerrero, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Hidalgo, Zacatecas, Chihuahua), Guatemala, Honduras, Belize ?, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Colombia [Castro,F. (pers. comm.)]

gemmistratus: Type locality: El Salvador

gracillimus: Mexico (Jalisco, Guerrero, Jalisco)

latistratus: Mexico (Nayarit south to Guerrero); Type locality: Mexico, Valley of Toluca.

luciodorsus: Mexico (from C Veracruz through Campeche and Chiapas), Guatemala; Type locality: Balchacaj, across lake from Ciudad del Carmen.

oliveri: Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, probably to Nayarit); Type locality: “Tapanatepec, Oaxaca”.

splendidus: Mexico (N Yucatan); Type locality: Yucatan.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: USNM
Holotype: UMMZ 81920, Paratype: (n=1) UMMZ 81921, female; same data and collector as type. Collected by: John Martin;Collection Date: 1937 [luciodorsus]
Holotype: MCZ 27800, paratypes: USNM 12089, 32171, Mexico; USNM 12443, 30164-30166, 30178-30179, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; USNM 30386-30388, Jiichitaii, Oaxaca; USNM 110528, Tonala, Chiapas; MCZ 27799, 27801, Tapanatepec, Oaxaca ; and UMMZ 82603, La Mixtequilla, Oaxaca [oliveri]
Holotype: ZSM 30/0 (lost) [Himantodes cenchoa var. elegans]
Type: BMNH ? [gracillimus]
Type: BMNH ? [splendidus]
Syntypes: ANSP 11302, 11677 (3), USNM 24963 [latistratus] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (9730 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSubspecies: Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus has been considered as a valid species. The validity of other subspecies have been questioned, e.g. by Wilson & Meyer 1985.

Behavior: nocturnal, shy

Synonymy partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970.

Habitat: fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018). 
EtymologyFrom the Latin gemmīs meaning gemma and strātus meaning covered in reference to its medial dorsal rows of scales with diamond shape.

The subspecies luciodorsus was named after Latin lūciō (singular of lūcius, from lūx “light”) + dorsus (masculine form of dorsum “the back”, part of the body between the neck and tail). It refers to light and shiney dorsal view of the species.

The subspecies oliveri, is named in honor of James Arthur Oliver (1914 – 1981), American zoologist, herpetologist and educator who served as the Director of the American Museum of Natural History, in recognition of his studies on the genus.

The subspecies epithet, latistratus, if from Latin lat- = "side" + -i- + strāta (feminine form of strātus) = "covered, spread with." It is possibly a reference to dorsal spots on the side of the species, the only distinguishing (and in fact the entire description that Cope wrote) for the subspecies, "The very numerous dorsal spots extend entirely across the back and sides." 
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