Lampropeltis triangulum (LACÉPÈDE, 1789)

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Higher Taxa	Colubridae, Colubrinae, Lampropeltini, Serpentes (snakes)
Subspecies	Lampropeltis triangulum abnorma (BOCOURT 1886) Lampropeltis triangulum amaura (COPE 1861) Lampropeltis triangulum andesiana WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum annulata (KENNICOTT 1861) Lampropeltis triangulum arcifera (WERNER 1903) Lampropeltis triangulum blanchardi STUART 1935 Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli QUINN 1983 Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops STEJNEGER 1903 Lampropeltis triangulum conanti WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum dixoni QUINN 1983 Lampropeltis triangulum gaigae DUNN 1937 Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis (BAIRD & GIRARD 1853) Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum micropholis (COPE 1860) Lampropeltis triangulum multistrata (KENNICOTT 1861) Lampropeltis triangulum nelsoni BLANCHARD 1920 Lampropeltis triangulum oligozona (BOCOURT 1886) Lampropeltis triangulum polyzona (COPE 1861) Lampropeltis triangulum sinaloae WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum smithi WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum stuarti WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum syspila (COPE 1889) Lampropeltis triangulum taylori TANNER & LOOMIS 1957 Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (LACÉPÈDE 1789)
Common Names	E: Scarlet kingsnake amaura: Louisiana Milksnake annulata: Mexican Milksnake celaenops: New Mexico Milksnake gentilis: Central Plains Milksnake hondurensis: G: Honduras-Dreiecksnatter micropholis: S: Falsa coral interandina multistriata: Pale Milksnake nelsoni: G: Nelsons Dreiecksnatter oligozona: polyzona: syspila: Red Milksnake taylori: Utah Milksnake triangulum: Eastern Milksnake G: Rote Königsnatter, Milchschlange, Dreiecksnatter
Synonym	Coluber triangulum LACÉPÈDE 1789: 86 Coluber doliatus — SHAW & NODDER 1795: plate 254 Coluber eximius HARLAN 1827 Coronella eximia — JAN 1866 ? Ablabes triangulum — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 315 (?) Lampropeltis triangula — COPE 1860: 256 Lampropeltis polyzonus - DITMARS 1934 (fide VILLA et al. 1988) Coronella annulata - GÜNTHER 1893 (fide VILLA et al. 1988) Lampropeltis polyzona blanchardi - SCHMIDT & ANDREWS 1936 (VILLA et al.) Lampropeltis triangulum — STEBBINS 1985: 194 Lampropeltis triangulum — LINER 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum abnorma (BOCOURT 1886) Coronella formosa var. anomala BOCOURT 1886: 614 (preoccupied) Coronella formosa abnorma BOCOURT 1886 (nom. subst. pro anomala) Lampropelfistriangulum ahnorma — SMITH 1942: 201 Lampropeltis triangulum abnorma — SMITH 1942: 246 Lampropeltis triangulum abnorma — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 138 Lampropeltis triangulum abnorma — WILLIAMS 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum amaura (COPE 1861) Lampropeltis triangulum amaura — BURT 1935 Lampropeltis triangulum amaura — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 210 Lampropeltis triangulum amaura — CROTHER 2000: 64 Lampropeltis triangulum amaura — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum andesiana WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum andesiana — WILLIAMS 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum andesiana — BARRIO & NAVARRETE 1999 Lampropeltis triangulum annulata (KENNICOTT 1861) Lampropeltis annulata COPE 1860: 257 (refers to forthcoming ms. of KENNICOTT) Lampropeltis annulata KENNICOTT 1861: 329 Lampropeltis triangulum annulata — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 209 Lampropeltis triangulum annulata — CROTHER 2000: 64 Lampropeltis triangulum annulata — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum arcifera (WERNER 1903) Cornonella micropholis var. arcifera WERNER 1903: 250 Lampropeltis triangulum arcifera — TAYLOR 1949: 201 Lampropeltis triangulum arcifera — WILLIAMS 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum blanchardi STUART 1935 Lampropeltis doliata blanchardi — HALL 1951 Lampropeltis triangulum blanchardi — WILLIAMS 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli QUINN 1983 Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli — SCHMIDT & KUNZ 2005 Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli — MATTISON 2007: 144 Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops STEJNEGER 1903 Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 209 Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops — CROTHER 2000: 64 Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis (BAIRD & GIRARD 1853) Ophibolus gentilis BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 90 Coronella doliata var. gentilis — JAN 1866 Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 209 Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis — CROTHER 2000: 64 Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis — BARTS 2006 Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis — WILLIAMS 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis — HALLMEN 2005 Lampropeltis triangulum micropholis (COPE 1860) Lampropeltis micropholis COPE 1860: 258 Coronella micropholis — BARBOUR & COLE 1906: 152 Lampropeltis doliata micropholis — PETERS 1960 Lampropeltis triangulum micropholis — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 Lampropeltis triangulum micropholis — KORNACKER 1999: 93 Lampropeltis triangulum micropholis — CARRERA et al. 2009 Lampropeltis triangulum micropholis — GABIROT et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata KENNICOTT 1861 Lampropeltis multistriata KENNICOTT 1861: 328 Lampropeltis multistrata – STEJNEGER 1891: 502 Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 209 Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata — CROTHER 2000: 64 Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum nelsoni BLANCHARD 1920 Lampropeltis triangulum nelsoni — WILLIAMS 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum nelsoni — HALLMEN 2005 Lampropeltis triangulum oligozona (BOCOURT 1886) Coronella formosa oligozona BOCOURT 1886 Lampropeltis triangulum oligozona — SMITH 1945: 202 Lampropeltis triangulum oligozona — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 Lampropeltis triangulum oligozona — SCHMIDT 2011 Lampropeltis triangulum polyzona (COPE 1861) Lampropeltis polyzona COPE 1860: 258 Lampropeltis polyzona polyzona — STUART 1935: 50 Lampropeltis triangulum polyzona — SMITH 1945: 200 Lampropeltis triangulum polyzona — TAYLOR 1949: 202 Lampropeltis triangulum polyzona — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 139 Lampropeltis polyzona — SHINE 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum sinaloae WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum sinaloae — WILLIAMS 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum sinaloae — MENSE 2010 Lampropeltis triangulum stuarti WILLIAMS 1978 Lampropeltis triangulum stuarti — HERTZ et al. 2009 Lampropeltis triangulum syspila (COPE 1889) Lampropeltis triangulum syspila — BURT 1935 Lampropeltis triangulum syspila — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 208 Lampropeltis triangulum syspila — CROTHER 2000: 64 Lampropeltis triangulum syspila — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum taylori TANNER & LOOMIS 1957 Lampropeltis triangulum taylori — WILLIAMS 1994 Lampropeltis triangulum taylori — CROTHER 2000: 64 Lampropeltis triangulum taylori — BOUNDY et al. 2012 Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 207 Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum — CROTHER 2000: 64 Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum — BOUNDY et al. 2012
Distribution	Canada (Ontario), USA (Illinois, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Arizona, Michigan, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, S Maine) Mexico (Campeche etc.), Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador; elevation (Honduras): 1140 m abnorma: Guatemala; Type locality, "Haute Vera Paz" (= Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. amaura: SW Arkansas, SE Oklahoma south to the golf coast of Texas and Louisiana. Type locality, original entry of type reads "?Mississippi," restricted by Schmidt (1953) to the vicinity of New Orleans, Louisiana. Williams (1978) suggested that the type locality be considered as unknown, inasmuch as the characteristics of the holotype do not agree with data taken from specimens from New Orleans and vicinity. andesiana: Huila (Columbia), Venezuela (Tachira, Mérida) [HR 30: 174]); Type locality,"the hills near Cali, Valle, Colombia." annulata: S Texas, S Tamaulipas to C Nuevo Léon, S ,E Coahuila (Mexico) arcifera: Morelos, Guerrero, Michoacán, Jalisco, W Querétaro (Mexico) blanchardi: Mexico (Yucatan); Type locality: "Valladolid Trail near Chichen Itzi, Yucatan, Mexico." campbelli: S Puebla, E Morelos, N Oaxaca (Mexico) celaenops: SW Texas, E New Mexico conanti: Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero, Oaxaca (Mexico) dixoni: S San Luis Potosí, NE Querétaro, Guanajuato [HR 30: 113] (Mexico) gaigae: mountains in Costa Rica, Panamá gentilis: Kansas, W Oklahoma, E Colorado, Texas panhandle, C/SW Nebraska, C/W Kansas hondurensis: carribbean side of Honduras, Nicaragua, NE Costa Rica micropholis: Costa Rica, Panamá, Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador; Type locality: Panama. Holotype: (ANSP 3427). multistrata: C/N Nebraska, C Montana, SW North Dakota, C Wyoming nelsoni: S Guanjuato, C Jalisco, Colima, NW Michoacán, Tres Marias oligozona: Oaxaca, Chiapas (Mexico), Esquintla (Guatemala) polyzona: Vera Cruz, E San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Belize sinaloae: SW Sonora, Sinaloa, SW Chihuahua (Mexico) smithi: SE San Luis Potosí, E Querétaro, Hidalgo, NE Puebla, Veracruz (Mexico) stuarti: El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, NW Costa Rica (pacific side) syspila: S Indiana through NW Mississippi, W Kentucky, SE South Dakota through E Oklahoma, Kansas. taylori: C/NE Utah, W Colorado, N Arizona triangulum: Maine to Minnesota, Wisconsin, N Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, Illinois, Kentucky, S Quebec (Canada) Map legend: - Region according to the TDWG standard, not a precise distribution map. NOTE: TDWG regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and this does not always work properly. We are working on it.
Types	Holotype apparently non-existent [triangulum; fide WILLIAMS 1994] Holotype: MNHN 88-129, adult female, date of collection unknown, collected by M.F.Bocourt [abnorma] Holotype: USNM) 5282, an adult male, date of collection, and collector unknown [amaura] Holotype: USNM 151732 [andesiana] Holotype: other subspecies see WILLIAMS 1994.
Comment	Synonymy partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970. Subspecies: Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides (HOLBROOK 1838) has been elevated to species status. Illustrations: L. t. sinaloae is on the title page of Elaphe 3/95. Keogh (1996) could not distinguish among L. pyromelana, L. triangulum, and L. zonata. Illustration of L.t. campbelli and L.t.hondurensis in SCHMIDT (2004). Love (2012) shows a bicephalic L. t. hondurensis. Distribution: The occurrence of Lampropeltis triangulum in Venezuela was reported by Roze (1966) and subsequent workers (Lancini 1979; Kornacker 1999) as the subspecies L. t. micropholis. Barrio and Navarrete (1999) clarified the subspecies identity of the Venezuelan specimens and considered them to belong to L. t. andesiana [cited after RIVAS et al. 2012]. Reproduction: oviparous. KREUTZ (2005) reports hybrids between E. guttata and Lampropeltis getulus californiae, between E. guttata and L. pyromelana, and between E. guttata and L. triangulum sinaloae/nelsoni! Nomenclature: LACÉPÈDE’s name conserved through ICZN opinion 1463. Size: Max. total length: 1.5 m Abundance: in Honduras: rare Lampropeltis triangulum mimicks Micrurus bernadi, M. limbatus and M. diastema (TORRE-LORANCA et al. 2006).
References	Allen, Morrow J. 1932. A survey of the Amphibians and reptiles of Harrison County, Mississippi American Museum Novitates (542): 1-20 - get paper here Anonymous 2007. Snakes of New Jersey. New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife Applegate, Robert W. 1988. The Pueblan milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli): a case for captive propagation Vivarium 1 (2): 49-53 Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, xvi + 172 pp. Barbour, Roger W. 1950. The reptiles of Big Black Mountain, Harlan County, Kentucky. Copeia 1950 (1): 100-107 - get paper here Barbour, T., and L. J. Cole. 1906. Vertebrata from Yucatan. Reptilia, Amphibia and Pisces. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 50: 146-159 - get paper here Barts, M. 2006. Herpetologische Beobachtungen im US-Bundesstaat Oklahoma. Reptilia (Münster) 11 (61): 43-50 - get paper here Blanchard, Frank N. 1920. 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Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis Herpetological Review 29 (2): 114 Montgomery, Chad;Hobert, Justin;Bergman, Enoch;Hill, Ben;Boback, Scott;Mackessy, Stephen P. 1997. Geographic Distribution. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis Herpetological Review 28 (1): 52 Mulaik, Stanley;Mulaik, Dorthea 1945. Lampropeltis triangulum annulata from Kerr County, Texas Copeia 1945 (1): 49 - get paper here Nelson, Dee Jay 1950. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis in Montana Herpetologica 6: 41-44 - get paper here Painter, Charles W.; Jennings, Randy D. 1996. Geographic Distribution. Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops Herpetological Review 27 (4): 213 Palmer, W.M. & Braswell, A.L. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. Univ. North Carolina Press Parmley, Dennis 1994. Reevaluation of the extinct kingsnake Lampropeltis intermedius Brattstrom (Colubridae) with comments on the ancestry of Lampropeltis triangulum Herpetological Natural History 2 (2): 83-88 Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno,A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp. Porras, L.W. 2006. Die Schlangen des costa-ricanischen Trockenwaldes. Reptilia (Münster) 11 (61): 32-37 - get paper here Porras, L.W. & Solórzano, A. 2006. Costa Rica’s venomous snakes. Reptilia (GB) (48): 11-17 - get paper here Porras, Louis 1996. Exquiaite!!! A kaleidoscope of colors: Honduran milks snakes Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis Vivarium 7 (5): 28-37 Powell, R. & Parmerlee, J. 1981. Eine bisher unbeschriebene Farbvariante von Lampropeltis triangulum blanchardi (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae). Salamandra 17 (1/2): 83-86 Price, Andrew H.;Johnson, Dane G. 1978. Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops (New Mexico Milk Snake). USA: New Mexico Herpetological Review 9 (3): 108 Pyron, R.Alexander; Frank T. Burbrink 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52 (2): 524-529 - get paper here Quinn, H. R. 1983. Two new subspecies of Lampropeltis triangulum from México. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 86: 113-135. RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here Rojas-Morales, Julián Andrés 2012. Snakes of an urban-rural landscape in the central Andes of Colombia: species composition, distribution, and natural history. Phyllomedusa 11 (2): 135- Roth, J.J.;Smith, H.M. 1990. The milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum, in northwest Colorado Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25 (1): 6-7 Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, 934 pp. [review in Copeia 2003 (1): 205] Schaefer, Kurt;Chiszar, David;Smith, Hobart M. 1995. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis Herpetological Review 26 (2): 110 Schmidt, D. 2004. Zur Reproduktion von Schlangen im Terrarium: Aufgaben - Fakten - Probleme. Draco 5 (17): 22-36 - get paper here Schmidt, D. & Kunz, K. 2005. Ernährung von Schlangen. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 159 pp. - get paper here Schmidt, T. 2011. Haltung und Nachzucht der Pazifik-Dreiecksnatter, Lampropeltis triangulum oligozona Reptilia (Münster) 16 (91): 52-57 - get paper here Schuett, Gordon W. 1994. Lampropeltis triangulum (milk snake). USA: Wyoming Herpetological Review 25 (4): 167 Shaw, George & Nodder, Frederick P. (Eds.) 1796. The Naturalist's Miscellany [...], Vol. VII. London, Nodder & Co., plates 219-254, 136 unnumbered pages [published in monthly issues between August 1, 1795, and July 1, 1796] - get paper here Shine, Richard 1994. Sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited. Copeia 1994 (2): 326-346 - get paper here Smith, Hobart M. 1942. Remarks on the Mexican king snakes of the triangulum group Proc. Rochester Academy of Science 8 (4): 196-207 Smith, Hobart M.;Ristau, Carolyn;Bell, Tom;Bell, Marion;Chiszar, David 1995. Lampropeltis triangulum multistriata x taylori Herpetological Review 26 (4): 210 Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston Stejneger, L. 1891. Notes on some North American snakes. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 14 (876): 501-505 - get paper here Stejneger,L. 1902. The reptiles of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 25 [1902]: 149-158 - get paper here Stuart, L. C. 1935. Studies on neotropical colubrinae. V. A new snake of the genus Lampropeltis from Yucatan Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (309): 1-6 Stuart, L. C. 1935. A contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of Central Peten, Guatemala University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications 29: 1-56 - get paper here Tanner, W.W. Loomis, R.B. 1957. A taxonomic and distributional study of the western subspecies of the milksnake, Lampropeltis doliata. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 60 (1): 12-42 Taylor,E.H. 1949. A preliminary account of the herpetology of the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 33 (2): 169-215 - get paper here Thissen, R. & Hansen, H. 2001. Königsnattern - Lampropeltis. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 172 pp. - get paper here Torre-Loranca, M.A. de la; Aguirre-León, G. & López-Luna, M.A. 2006. Coralillos verdaderos (Serpentes: Elapidae) y Coralillos falsos (Serpentes: Colubridae) de Veracruz, México. Acta Zool. Mex. 22 (3): 11-22 van den Bossche, Johan 1995. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis Terra 31 (4): 109-114 Vance, Thomas 1994. Lampropeltis triangulum amaura (Louisana milk snake). USA: Texas Herpetological Review 25 (2): 77 Walley, Harlad D. 1997. Geographic Distribution. Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum Herpetological Review 28 (3): 159 Walley, Harlan D.; Queral-Regil, Alejandro; Bittner, Tonya 1998. Geographic Distribution. Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum Herpetological Review 29 (1): 54 Werner, F. 1903. Neue Reptilien und Batrachier aus dem naturhistorischen Museum in Brüssel. Zool. Anz. 26: 246-253 - get paper here Werning, Heiko 2012. Die Reptilien und Amphibien des Südwestens Draco 13 (50): 18-60 - get paper here Wilgers, D.J.; Horne, E.A.; Sandercock, B.K. & Volkmann, A.W. 2006. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the Tall-grass Prairie [Flint Hills, Kansas/Oklahoma]. Herpetologica 62 (4): 378-388 - get paper here Williams K L 1994. Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede), milk snake. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 594: 1-10 - get paper here Williams, K. L. 1978. Systematics and natural history of the American milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum. Milwaukee Publ. Mus. Publ. Biol. Geol. No. 2, 258 pp. Williamson, Michael A. 1972. Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops Herpetological Review 4 (5): 170 Woodbury, Angus M.;Hansen, Richard M. 1950. A snake den in Tintic Mountains, Utah Herpetologica 6: 66-70 - get paper here
External links	http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/txherps/snakes/ http://issuu.com/fcastro/docs/www.fernandocastro.org?mode=embed&documentId=080329211718-ac00c6510b2a4a219fc9171d4eef41b9&layout=grey http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/chordata/reptilia/squamata/colubridae.html http://www.kingsnake.com/king/ssp.html http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?special=browse&where-lifeform=Reptile&where-taxon=Lampropeltis+triangulum+triangulum http://www.reptilienworld.com/modules.php?set_albumName=album12&id=acd&op=modload&name=gallery&file=index&include=view_photo.php http://www.reptilienworld.com/modules.php?set_albumName=album12&id=ace&op=modload&name=gallery&file=index&include=view_photo.php http://www.agfc.com/species/Pages/SpeciesWildlifePhotos.aspx Google images Profile of Lampropeltis triangulum on Reptarium

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