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Liodytes rigida (SAY, 1825)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesLiodytes rigida deltae (HUHEEY 1959)
Liodytes rigida rigida (SAY 1825)
Liodytes rigida sinicola (HUHEEY 1959) 
Common NamesE: Crayfish Snake
deltae: Delta Crayfish Snake
rigida: Glossy Crayfish Snake
sinicola: Gulf Crayfish Snake 
SynonymColuber rigidus SAY 1825: 239
Tropidonotus rigidus — HOLBROOK 1842: 39
Tropidonotus rigidus — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 577
Regina rigida — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 46
Tropidonotus leberis var. rigidus — JAN 1865: 230
Natrix rigida — COPE 1892: 668
Tropidonotus rigidus — BOULENGER 1893: 240
Natrix rigida — COPE 1900: 989
Natrix rigida — ALLEN 1932
Natrix rigida — CLAY 1938
Natrix rigida — BROWN 1947
Nerodia rigida — CONANT 1978
Liodytes rigida — PRICE 1983
Regina rigida — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 158
Regina rigida — CROTHER 2000
Regina rigida — ERNST & ERNST 2003: 291
Regina rigida — CROTHER et al. 2012
Liodytes rigida — MCVAY & CARSTENS 2013
Regina rigida — WALLACH et al. 2014: 631
Regina rigida — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015

Liodytes rigida deltae (HUHEEY 1959)
Natrix rigida deltae HUHEEY 1959: 305
Regina rigida deltae — CROTHER 2000
Regina rigida deltae — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 167
Regina rigida deltae — CROTHER et al. 2012

Liodytes rigida rigida (SAY 1825)
Coluber rigidus SAY 1825: 239
Regina rigida rigida — CROTHER 2000
Regina rigida rigida — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 166
Regina rigida rigida — CROTHER et al. 2012

Liodytes rigida sinicola (HUHEEY 1959)
Natrix rigida sinicola HUHEEY 1959: 305
Regina rigida sinicola — CROTHER 2000
Regina rigida sinicola — DIXON 2000
Regina rigida sinicola — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 168
Regina rigida sinicola — CROTHER et al. 2012
Liodytes rigida sinicola — GUYER et al. 2018 
DistributionUSA (E Texas, SE Oklahoma, S Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, S Alabama, S Georgia, N Florida (St. Vincent Island: [HR 31: 187]), South Carolina, E North Carolina, Virginia)

Type locality: “the southern states”

sinicola: USA (Texas, Louisiana, Florida, Alabama); Type locality: USA: Beaumont, Jefferson County, Texas.

deltae: USA (Louisiana); Type locality: Paradis, St. Charles Parish, Louisiana.  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesHolotype: ANSP 16795
Holotype: INHS (= UIMNH) 1159, W.B. Robertson, (Herpetology Class 1948); May 2, 1948; paratypes: TNHC [sinicola]
Holotype: LSUM 111653 (was TU 11969; erroneously given as TV in Gibbons et al. 2004) [deltae] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2426 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentDiet: crayfish 
EtymologyNamed after Latin rigida, stiff, hard; stern; rough.

Liodytes rigida deltae was named after Latin delta, the alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river in the shape of a capital Greek delta letter + Latin -ae, suffix indicating pertenence. [“...From the fact that this subspecies inhabits the Mississippi River Delta and surrounding areas...”].

Liodytes rigida sinicola was named after Latin sinus, a bay, bight, gulf. [“...From Latin sinus, gulf or area surrounding a gulf; Latin -cola, an inhabitant...”]. 
References
  • Allen, Morrow J. 1932. A survey of the Amphibians and reptiles of Harrison County, Mississippi. American Museum Novitates (542): 1-20 - get paper here
  • Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, xvi + 172 pp. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Brown, Bryce C. 1947. Natrix rigida in Texas. Herpetologica 4: 23-24 - get paper here
  • Buhlmann, Kurt A.;Savitsky, Alan H.;Savitsky, Barbara A.;Mitchell, Joseph C. 1993. Regina rigida (glossy crayfish snake). USA: Virgina. Herpetological Review 24 (4): 156-157 - get paper here
  • Burbrink FT, Futterman I. 2019. Female‐ biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's rule. Ecol Evol. 00:1–10
  • Camper, Jeffrey D. 2019. The Reptiles of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, 288 pp. [review in Copeia 107 (3): 590, 2019] - get paper here
  • Clay, William M. 1938. A synopsis of the North American Water Snakes of the genus Natrix. Copeia 1938 (4): 173-182 - get paper here
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
  • Cope, E.D. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Ann. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1898: 153-1270 - get paper here
  • Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92
  • Curtis, Lawrence;Tinkle, Donald W. 1951. The striped water snake, Natrix rigida (Say), in Texas. Field & Laboratory 19 (2): 72-74
  • Dillman, Will; Mousseau, Timothy. 2007. Regina rigida (Glossy Crayfish Snake). Melanism. Herpetological Review 38 (4):469 - get paper here
  • Dixon, James R. 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas, second edition. Texas A&M University Press, 421 pp.
  • Dwyer, C.M. & H. Kaiser 1997. Relationship between Skull Form and Prey Selection in the Thamnophiine Snake Genera Nerodia and Regina Journal of Herpetology 31 (4): 463-475. - get paper here
  • Eimermacher, Thomas G.; Green, Damian T.; Watkins, Lucas 2006. Regina rigida (Glossy Crayfish Snake). Maximum size. Herpetological Review 37 (4): 480 - get paper here
  • Enge, Kevin M. 2009. Venomous and non-venomous snakes of Florida. Publication of the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission. 16 pp.
  • Ernst, C.H. & Ernst, E.M. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, 668 pp.
  • Ernst, C.H., & Barbour, R.W. 1989. Snakes of eastern North America. George Mason Univ. Press, Fairfax, VA 282 pp.
  • Gibbons, J. W. & Mike Dorcas 2004. North American Water Snakes. University of Oklahoma Press, 496 pp.
  • Guyer, Craig; Mark A. Bailey, and Robert H. Mount 2018. Lizards and snakes of Alabama. University of Alabama Press, 397 pp. - get paper here
  • Harris, Bess B., Kevin M. Enge and Jonathan D. Mays. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Regina rigida rigida (Eastern Glossy Swampsnake). Herpetological Review 47 (1): 84 - get paper here
  • Hart, Morgan P., Davega, Henry, Arnott, Stephen A., Harold, Antony S. and Grosse, Andrew M. 2016. Regina rigida (Glossy Crayfish Snake) Predation. Herpetological Review 47 (4): 688 - get paper here
  • Hibbitts, Toby J.;Hibbits, Terry L. 1998. Geographic distribution. Regina rigida sinicola. Herpetological Review 29 (3): 174 - get paper here
  • Holbrook, John E. 1842. North American Herpetology; or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol I (2nd ed.). J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 152 pp. - get paper here
  • Huheey, James E. 1959. Distribution and variation in the glossy water snake, Natrix rigida (Say). Copeia 1959 (4): 303-311 - get paper here
  • Huheey, James E.;Palmer, William M. 1962. The eastern glossy water snake, Regina rigida rigida, in North Carolina. Herpetologica 18 (2): 140-141 - get paper here
  • Irwin, Kelly J. 2004. Arkansas Snake Guide. Arkansas Game & Fish Commission, Little Rock, 50 pp.
  • Jensen, John B.; Carlos D. Camp, Whit Gibbons, & Matt J. Elliott 2008. Amphibians and reptiles of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, 575 pp.
  • Koenig, J R; Jobe, K L; Evert, S E; Adams, C S & Schalk, C M; 2019. Geographic Distribution: Liodytes rigida (Glossy Swampsnake) USA: Texas: Trinity Co. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 529-530 - get paper here
  • Lawson, R. 1987. Molecular studies of Thamnophiine snakes: 1. The phylogeny of the genus Nerodia. Journal of Herpetology 21 (2): 140-157 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. (ed.) 2015. Amphibians and Reptiles of the US - Mexico Border States / Anfibios y Reptiles de los Estados de la Frontera México - Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. x + 614 pp.; ISBN 978-1-62349-306-6. - get paper here
  • Lillywhite, Harvey B. 2014. How Snakes Work: Structure, Function and Behavior of the World's Snakes. Oxford University Press, New York, 256 pp
  • Linzey, D.W., & Clifford, M.J. 1981. Snakes of Virgina. Univ. Press of Virginia, Charlottesville 159 pp.
  • Lutterschmidt, William I.; J.M. Weidler, and Christopher M. Schalk 2019. Hot Moments and Hot Spots in the Bayou: Spatiotemporal Patterns of Road Occurrence in a Snake Assemblage in Louisiana, USA. Herp. Conserv. Biology 14 (2): - get paper here
  • McAllister, C. T., H. W. Robison and D. A. Neely 2016. Geographic Distribution: Liodytes rigida sinicola (Gulf Swampsnake). Herpetological Review 47(3): 427. - get paper here
  • McVay, John David; Bryan Carstens 2013. Testing monophyly without well-supported gene trees: Evidence from multi-locus nuclear data conflicts with existing taxonomy in the snake tribe Thamnophiini. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 68, Issue 3, September 2013, Pages 425–431 - get paper here
  • Mitchell, J.C. 1994. The reptiles of Virginia. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, ca. 350 pp.
  • Palmer, W.M. & Braswell, A.L. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. Univ. North Carolina Press
  • Palmer, William M. 1962. The eastern glossy water snake, Regina rigida rigida, in North Carolina. Herpetologica 18 (2): 140-141 - get paper here
  • Price,R. 1983. Microdermatoglyphics: the Liodytes-Regiona problem. Journal of Herpetology 17 (3): 292-294 - get paper here
  • Say, T. 1824. Description of three new species of Coluber, inhabiting the United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4 (2): 237-242 - get paper here
  • STEVENSON, DIRK J. et al. 2021. New County Records for Amphibians and Reptiles in Georgia, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 350-359
  • Tennant, A. 2003. Snakes of North America - Eastern and Central Regions, revised edition. Lone Star Books, 605 pp.
  • Tennant, A. & Bartlett, R.D. 2000. Snakes of North America - Eastern and Central Regions. Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX, 588 pp.
  • Tumlison, Renn and Kory G. Roberts 2018. Prey-handling Behavior in the Gulf Crayfish Snake (Liodytes rigida). Herp. Cons. Biol. 13 (3): 617–621 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werler, John E. & James R. Dixon 2000. Texas Snakes. University of Texas Press, 544 pages
 
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