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Loxopholis rugiceps COPE, 1869

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Higher TaxaGymnophthalmidae (Ecpleopodinae), Sauria, Gymnophthalmoidea, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common Names 
SynonymLoxopholis rugiceps COPE 1869: 305
Leposoma dispar PETERS 1880: 217
Leposoma rugiceps — RUIBAL 1952: 487
Leposoma rugiceps — PETERS et al. 1970: 165
Leposoma rugiceps — BAUER et al. 1995: 57
Leposoma rugiceps — KÖHLER 2000: 103
Leposoma rugiceps — KÖHLER 2008
Leposoma rugiceps— ACUÑA-VARGAS 2016
Loxopholis rugiceps — GOICOECHEA et al. 2016
Loxopholis rugiceps — MARQUES-SOUZA et al. 2022 
DistributionColombia (Chocó etc.), Panama, Honduras (Cortés), Costa Rica (Limón)

Type locality: New Granada (Colombia).
Type locality: “Caceres am Cauca, Neu-Granada” [Leposoma dispar PETERS 1880]  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: ANSP 9635
Syntypes: ZMB 9496, 9666 [Leposoma dispar PETERS 1880] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (3082 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy that of PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970.

Distribution: Reports of L. rugiceps from Colombia (Choco) may represent L. southi (GUTIERREZ & ARREDONDO 2007). Reports from Honduras and Costa Rica may represent introduced populations (Mora et al. 2019). For a map of localities see Marques-Souza et al. 2022.

Type species: Loxopholis rugiceps COPE 1869: 305 is the type species of the genus Loxopholis COPE 1869. Loxopholis was previously considered as a synonym of Leposoma but GOICOECHEA et al. 2016 revived it based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis. However, they did not provide an updated diagnosis of the genus.

Phylogenetics of the genus: Marques-Souza et al. 2022.

Reference images: see Uetz et al. 2024 for high-resolution reference images for this species. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin rugis (from ruga), wrinkle; crease, small fold and Latin -ceps, -headed. [“...The plates of the top of the head are rugose, with longitudinal striae...”]. (from Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., May 2024)

The genus was named after Greek loxos (λοξός), slanting + Greek pholis (φολίς), horny scale. ["…The scales imbricate, arranged in oblique rows or quincuncially…"]. 
References
  • Acuña-Vargas, J. C. 2016. Anfibios y Reptiles asociados a cinco coberturas de la tierra, municipio de Dibulla, La Guajira, Colombia. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n. s.), 32(2): 133-146 - get paper here
  • Bauer, A.M.; Günther,R. & Klipfel,M. 1995. The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C.H. Peters (1815-1883). SSAR Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology, 714 pp.
  • Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E.; L.E. Rojas-Murcia. & G. Cárdenas-Arévalo 2020. Reptiles del Caribe colombiano/ Reptiles of the Colombian Caribbean. Tunja: Editorial UPTC, 268 pp. - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1868. Sixth contribution to the herpetology of Tropical America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20: 305-313 - get paper here
  • Goicoechea, N., Frost, D. R., De la Riva, I., Pellegrino, K. C. M., Sites, J., Rodrigues, M. T. and Padial, J. M. 2016. Molecular systematics of teioid lizards (Teioidea/Gymnophthalmoidea: Squamata) based on the analysis of 48 loci under tree-alignment and similarity-alignment. Cladistics, doi: 10.1111/cla.12150 - get paper here
  • Gutiérrez-C., P.D. & Arredondo-S., J.C. 2007. Leposoma southi Ruthvein & Gaige, 1924, a new record to the fauna of Antioquia (Colombia). Herpetozoa 20: 77-79 - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 2000. Reptilien und Amphibien Mittelamerikas, Bd 1: Krokodile, Schildkröten, Echsen. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach, 158 pp.
  • Köhler, G. 2008. Reptiles of Central America. 2nd Ed. Herpeton-Verlag, 400 pp.
  • Marques-Souza, S., Pellegrino, K. C. M., Brunes, T. O., Rojas-Runjaic, F. J., & Rodrigues, M. T. 2022. A molecular perspective on the systematics and distribution of Loxopholis lizards in South and Central America, with advances on the biogeography of the tribe Ecpleopodini (Gymnophthalmidae: Squamata). Systematics and Biodiversity, 20(1), 2119295 - get paper here
  • Medina-Rangel, Guido Fabián 2013. CAMBIO EstACIOnAl En El UsO DE lOs RECURsOs DE lA COMUnIDAD DE REptIlEs En El COMplEJO CEnAgOsO DE ZApAtOsA, DEpARtAMEntO DEl CEsAR (Colombia). Caldasia 35 (1): 103-122 - get paper here
  • Meza-Joya, Fabio Leonardo; Eliana Ramos-Pallares 2015. New records, range extensions and updated distribution of two gymnophthalmid lizards from the Caribbean Region, Colombia. Check List 11 (5): 1735 - get paper here
  • Mora JM, Espinal MR, Chaves G, López LI 2019. Distributional records for Loxopholis rugiceps Cope, 1869 (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) in Central America. Check List 15(3): 363-368 - get paper here
  • Peters,W.C.H. 1880. Eine Mittheilung über neue oder weniger bekannte Amphibien des Berliner Zoologischen Museums (Leposoma dispar, Monopeltis (Phractogonus jugularis, Typhlops depressus, Leptocalamus drilineatus, Xenodon punctatus, Elapomorphus erythronotus, Hylomantis fallax). Monatsber. Königl.-Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1880: 217-224 - get paper here
  • Restrepo A, Molina-Zuluaga C, Hurtado JP, Marín CM, Daza JM 2017. Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia. Check List 13 (4): 203-237 - get paper here
  • Ríos, E.E.; C.F. Hurtado P., J.T. Rengifo M., and F. Castro Herrera. 2011. LAGARTOS EN COMUNIDADES NATURALES DE DOS LOCALIDADES EN LA REGIÓN DEL CHOCÓ DE COLOMBIA. Herpetotropicos 5 (2): 85-92 - get paper here
  • Rodrigues M T. 1997. A new species of Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Atlantic forest of Brazil. Herpetologica 53 (3): 383-389. - get paper here
  • Rodrigues, Miguel T. and Teresa C. S. Avila-Pires 2005. New lizard of the genus Leposoma (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from the Lower Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 39 (4): 541-546 - get paper here
  • RODRIGUES, MIGUEL TREFAUT; MAURO TEIXEIRA JR., RENATO SOUSA RECODER, FRANCISCO DAL VECHIO, ROBERTA DAMASCENO & KATIA CRISTINA MACHADO PELLEGRINO 2013. A new species of Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with four fingers from the Atlantic Forest central corridor in Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa 3635 (4): 459–475 - get paper here
  • RUEDA-SOLANO, LUÍS ALBERTO; JEINER CASTELLANOS- BARLIZA 2010. HERPETOFAUNA DE NEGUANJE, PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL TAYRONA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO. Acta biol. Colomb. 15 (1): 195 - 206 - get paper here
  • Ruibal, R. 1952. Revisionary studies of some South American Teiidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 106: 475-529 (477?)-529. - get paper here
  • Sasa, M., Arias, E., & Chaves, G. 2025. Annotated list of amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica: The role of the Museum of Zoology in cataloging the country’s herpetological diversity. Revista de Biología Tropical, 73(S2): e64536-e64536 - get paper here
  • Telford, S.R., Jr. 1971. Reproductive patterns and relative abundance of two microteiid lizard species in Panama Copeia 1971 (4): 670-675. - get paper here
  • Uetz, P.H.; Patel, M.; Gbadamosi, Z.; Nguyen, A.; Shoope, S. 2024. A Reference Database of Reptile Images. Taxonomy 4: 723–732 - get paper here
 
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