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Loxopholis percarinatum (MÜLLER, 1923)

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Higher TaxaGymnophthalmidae (Ecpleopodinae), Sauria, Gymnophthalmoidea, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Muller's Tegu
Portuguese: Calango, Lagartixa, Lagarto 
SynonymHylosaurus percarinatus MÜLLER 1923: 146
Leposoma taeniata NOBLE 1923: 303
Hylosaurus muelleri MERTENS 1925: 76
Leposoma percarinatum — BURT & BURT 1931: 349
Leposoma percarinatum — PETERS et al. 1970: 165
Leposoma percarinatum — AVILA-PIRES 1995: 404
Leposoma percarinatum — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Lepidosoma percarinatum [sic] — KUHN & SCHMIDT 2003
Leposoma percarinatum — CASTOE et al. 2004
Leposoma percarinatum — RIBEIRO-JUNIOR & AMARAL 2016
Loxopholis percarinatum — GOICOECHEA et al. 2016
Loxopholis percarinatum — DIAGO-TORO et al. 2021 
DistributionGuyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela, SE Colombia,
Brazil (Amapa, Para, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rio Negro, Roroima, Rondonia), Bolivia (Pando)

Type locality: Peixeboi, Estado do Pará, Brazil.  
ReproductionParthenogenetic, triploid species. It has been suggested that L. guianense and L. parietale are the parent species of L. percarinatum. Synonymy after Peters et al. 1970. Pellegrino et al. 2011 found a diploid lineage within L. percarinatum, suggesting a species complex. Souza et al. 2015 described bisexual populations. Brunes et al. 2019 described populations of diploid and triploid clones and bisexual populations. 
TypesHolotype: ZSM 140/1911, female 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Unisexual Leposoma having a moderately large interparietal scale, with parallel or slightly diverging lateral margins. Supralabials followed by a scale about as large as adjacent temporals. Prefrontals form a short medial suture, that between frontoparietals longer. Fourth pair ofchinshields reduced. Dorsals mostly from hexagonal (wider posteriorly) middorsally, to rectangular (in oblique position) toward flanks; 35-40 (37.6 ± 1.0) along a longitudinal row. Ventrals 22-28 (24.6 ± 1.7). Scales around midbody 24-27 (26.0 ± 0.7). Flanks with an upper dark stripe 1-3 scales wide, rest of flanks lighter (Avila-Pires 1995).


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CommentDistribution: Presence in Bolivia unclear; there seem to be no published specific localities (T. Doan, pers. comm.). For a map of localities see Marques-Souza et al. 2022. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin per-, very, completely, thoroughly + Latin carinatus, keeled. (MÜLLER 1923, Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., April 2024) 
References
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  • Avila-Pires, T.C.S. 1995. Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen 299: 1-706 - get paper here
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  • Brunes, T. O., Justino da Silva, A., Marques-Souza, S., Rodrigues, M. T., & Pellegrino, K. C. M. 2019. Not always young: The first vertebrate ancient origin of true parthenogenesis found in an Amazon leaf litter lizard with evidence of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes surfing on the wave of a range expansion. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - get paper here
  • Burt,C.E. & Burt,M.D. 1931. South American lizards in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 61 (7): 227-395 - get paper here
  • Camacho, A., Brunes, T. O., & Rodrigues, M. T. 2021. Dehydration Alters Behavioral Thermoregulation and the Geography of Climatic Vulnerability in Amazonian Lizards. ResearchSquare - get paper here
  • Castoe, T.A.; Doan, T.M. & Parkinson, C.L. 2004. Data partitions and complex models in Bayesian analysis: the phylogeny of Gymnophthalmid lizards. Systematic Biology 53 (3): 448-469 - get paper here
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  • DIAGO-TORO, MARÍA F.; DANIELA GARCÍA-COBOS, GIOVANNI D. BRIGANTE-LUNA & JUAN D. VÁSQUEZ-RESTREPO. 2021. Fantastic lizards and where to find them: cis-Andean microteiids (Squamata: Alopoglossidae & Gymnophthalmidae) from the Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia. Zootaxa 5067 (3): 377–400. - get paper here
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  • Mendes-Pinto, T. J. & S. Marques de Souza 2011. Preliminary assessment of amphibians and reptiles from Floresta Nacional do Trairão, with a new snake record for the Pará state, Brazilian Amazon. Salamandra 47 (4): 199-206 - get paper here
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