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Micrurus diastema (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)

IUCN Red List - Micrurus diastema - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaElapidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesMicrurus diastema diastema (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854)
Micrurus diastema affinis (JAN 1858)
Micrurus diastema apiatus (JAN 1858)
Micrurus diastema sapperi (WERNER 1903) 
Common NamesE: Variable Coral Snake, Diastema Coral Snake
S: Coral Diastema 
SynonymElaps diastema DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 1222
Elaps epistema DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 1222
Elaps corallinus var. crebripunctatus PETERS 1869: 877
Elaps fulvius var. epistema — GARMAN 1884: 106
Elaps fulvius var. diastema — GARMAN 1884: 106
Elaps fulvius var. cerebripunctatus [sic] — GARMAN 1884: 106
Micrurus diastema — SCHMIDT 1933: 36
Micrurus diastema — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 204
Micrurus diastema — LINER 1994
Micrurus diastema — MATA-SILVA et al. 2015
Micrurus diastema — WALLACH et al. 2014: 445

Micrurus diastema affinis (JAN 1858)
Elaps affinis JAN 1858: 525
Elaps fulvius var. affinis — GARMAN 1884: 106
Micrurus affinis affinis — SCHMIDT 1933
Micrurus affinis affinis — TAYLOR 1939
Micrurus diastema affinis — ROZE 1967
Micrurus diastema affinis — LINER 2007
Micrurus diastema affinis — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2020

Micrurus diastema aglaeope (COPE 1860)
Elaps aglaeope COPE 1860: 344
Micrurus diastema aglaeope — ROZE 1967: 15
Micrurus diastema aglaeope — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 205
Micrurus diastema aglaeope — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 1989
Micrurus diastema aglaeope — WELCH 1994: 79
Micrurus affinis aglaeope — SCHMIDT 1936

Micrurus diastema alienus (WERNER 1903)
Elaps alienus WERNER 1903: 249
Micrurus afinis mayensis SCHMIDT 1933: 37 (fide ROZE 1967)
Micrurus affinis alienus — STUART 1935: 54
Micrurus affinis alienus — SCHMIDT 1936
Micrurus affinis alienus — SCHMIDT 1941
Micrurus affinis alienus — LAURENT 1949: 18
Micrurus affinis alienus — NEILL & ALLEN 1959: 56
Micrurus diastema alienus — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 1989
Micrurus diastema alienus — WELCH 1994: 79
Micrurus diastema alienus — LINER 2007

Micrurus diastema apiatus (JAN 1858)
Elaps apiatus JAN 1858: 522
Elaps fulvius var. apiatus — GARMAN 1884: 106
Micrurus affinis apiatus — SCHMIDT 1933: 37
Micrurus diastema apiatus — ROZE 1967: 15
Micrurus diastema apiatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 205
Micrurus diastema apiatus — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 1989
Micrurus diastema apiatus — WELCH 1994: 79
Micrurus diastema apiatus — LINER 2007
Micrurus diastema apiatus — SILVA et al. 2016
Micrurus apiatus — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2020
Micrurus apiatus — DILVA et al. 2021

Micrurus diastema diastema (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854)
Elaps diastema DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854
Elaps corallinus var. gastrostictus JAN 1863 (fide TIEDEMANN & GRILLITSCH 1999)
Elaps corallinus var. crebripunctatus PETERS 1870
Micrurus diastema diastema — SCHMIDT 1933: 38
Micrurus diastema diastema — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 1989
Micrurus diastema diastema — WELCH 1994: 79
Micrurus diastema diastema — LINER 2007

Micrurus diastema macdougalli ROZE 1967
Micrurus diastema macdougalli — LINER 2007
Micrurus diastema macdougalli — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2020

Micrurus diastema sapperi (WERNER 1903)
Elaps fulvius var. sapperi WERNER 1903: 350
Elaps guatemalensis AHL 1927: 251
Micrurus affinis stantoni SCHMIDT 1933: 36
Micrurus diastema sapperi — ROZE 1967: 17
Micrurus diastema sapperi — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 205
Micrurus diastema — WELCH 1994: 81
Micrurus diastema sapperi — LINER 2007
Micrurus diastema sapperi — SILVA et al. 2016 
DistributionS Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, Yucatan, Chiapas, Puebla),
Belize, Guatemala, Honduras (elevation 100-1680 m)

diastema: Mexico (C Veracruz, Colima, to W Tabasco); Type locality: Mexico (restricted to Colima by SCHMIDT 1933).

aglaeope: NW Honduras; Type locality: Honduras

alienus: Mexico (N Yucatán peninsula including Yucatán and NE Quintana Roo); Type locality: Unknown, restricted to Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico by ROZE 1967.

affinis: Mexico (Atlantic versant of N Oaxaca); Type locality: Mexico.

apiatus: Mexico (Atlantic versant of the uplandsof E Chiapas), N Guatemala; Type locality: Vera Paz, Guatemala.

macdougalli: Mexico (Atlantic slopes of the highlands of extreme SE Oaxaca)

sapperi: Mexico (S Yucatán peninsula, including Campeche and N Chiapas); Type locality: “Guatemala”  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: MNHN-RA 7657, a female from Mexico, (designated by Roux-Estève 1983; note that Schmidt 1933 designated MNHN 4620 as lectotype, but this is in error)
Holotype: ANSP 6858 [aglaeope]
Holotype: MNHN-RA 3921, fide Roux-Esteve (1983); MNHN 4624, in error (specimen is a frog), fide Smith & Taylor (1945) [affinis]
Holotype: MHNB 9422 [alienus]
Holotype: MNHN-RA 3920, fide Roux-Esteve (1983) [apiatus]
Holotype: AMNH 65163 [macdougalli]
Holotype: MCZ 31872 [mayensis]
Holotype: lost, was ZSM, uncatalogued (lost fide Franzen & Glaw 2007), male. Roze (1996) stated that the holotype was destroyed during World War II [sapperi]
Holotype: FMNH 4201; Paratype: ZSM 8/1922 (?), adult, “Insel Corozal (Brit. Honduras)” [Belize], no further collection data; other paratype: MNHN 3917 (Mexico) fide Roux-Esteve 1983 [stantoni] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (9954 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Illustrations: Color plate 76 in VILLA et al. 1988.

Synonymy and subspecies partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970. This species is highly variable and some authors therefore question the validity of several of the subspecies (CAMPBELL & LAMAR 1989: 106; FRASER 1973). Micrurus diastema bernadi is listed here as valid species. Micrurus diastema alienus has been synonymized with M. diastema sapperi by some authors (fide STAFFORD 2000). Micrurus diastema affinis (JAN 1858) is listed as separate subspecies by WELCH 1994). Roux-Esteve 1983 considered E. apiatus as a synonym of M. diastema.

Subspecies: the former subspecies alienus, aglaeope, apiatus, and sapperi have been removed from M. diastema and subsumed under M. apiatus as valid species by Reyes-Velasco et al. 2020. However, they made some contradictory statements about their validity, e.g. that of aglaeope, see also M. apiatus.

Hybridization: the various subspecies of diastema intergrade in sveral contact zones (see Roze 1996: 153 ff for details). See also Reyes-Velasco et al. 2020.

Mimicry: Micrurus diastema is mimicked by Lampropeltis triangulum, Ninia sebae, Clelia scytalina (juvenile), Geophis juliai, Geophis semidoliatus, Oxyrhopus petola, Pliocercus wilmarai, Scaphiodontophis annulatus, and Pliocercus elapoides (TORRE-LORANCA et al. 2006).

Key: see Roze 1996: 153 for a key to the subspecies of M. diastema. 
EtymologyNamed after Greek, diastema meaning a space or interval, apparently alluding to the long interspaces of red between the black bands. 
References
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