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Micrurus lemniscatus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaElapidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: South American Small-eyed Coralsnake, South American Coral Snake
E: Bolivian triad coral snake [frontifasciatus]
E: Guiana's ribbon coral snake [lemniscatus]
E: Brazilian ribbon coral snake [carvalhoi]
E: Western ribbon coral snake [helleri]
Portuguese: Boichumbeguaçu, Cobra-Corá, Cobra-Coral, Cobra-Coral-de-Bigode, Cobra-Coral-da-Guiana, Cobra-Coral-Vermelha, Coral, Coral-Verdadeira 
SynonymColuber lemniscatus LINNAEUS 1758: 224
Elaps lemniscatus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1217
Elaps lemniscatus — BOULENGER 1886: 438
Elaps lemniscatus — GARMAN 1887: 285
Elaps heterochilus BOULENGER 1896
Elaps gravenhorstii BOULENGER 1896
Micrurus lemniscatus — BEEBE 1919: 216
Micrurus lemniscatus — BEEBE 1946: 46
Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus — BURGER 1955: 40
Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 212
Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus — WELCH 1994: 85
Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus — STARACE 1998: 358
Micrurus lemniscatus — KORNACKER 1999: 155
Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus — BARRIO-AMOROS et al. 2003
Micrurus lemniscatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 448
Micrurus lemniscatus — PIRES et al. 2021 
DistributionN Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, Goias, Rio Grande do Sul [HR 32: 60], Acre, Rio de Janeiro, Piaui), Colombia, E Ecuador,
French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, E Peru, Argentina (HR 27: 34), Paraguay (fide Paul Smith, pers. comm., 27 Apr 2014), Venezuela

lemniscatus: Brazil (Amapa, Para), N Guianas

Type locality: “Asia” (fide LINNAEUS 1758; in error); Schmidt and Walker (1943) restricted the type locality to Belem. Para, Brazil; however, Roze (1967) thought that the specimen most likely came from the northern Guianas. Hence, Pires et al. 2021 suggested to restrict the type locality of M. lemniscatus to Paramaribo (Suriname).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: NRM (also given as RMS); Lectotype: NRS L-93, paralectotypes: NRS L-94, NRM 95 (NRS = NRM), designated by Roze, 1989, see also Pires et al. 2021 who suggested to add ZISP 1258, ZISP 1261, ZISP 1262, ZISP 1263, and ZISP 1264 as further paralectotypes).
Holotype: NMW = NHMW 18298 [frontifasciatus]
Holotype: USNM 76341, male, ZMB 2727 seems to be the iconotype from Seba 1734; paratypes: USNM, AMNH, FMNH, MCZ, MNRJ, NMW, CAS, SMF [carvalhoi] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: (1) Dorsal pattern of white, red, and black triads; (2) hemipenis and tail relatively short; (3) two supralabials entering orbit; (4) mental usually separated from chinshields by medial contact of first pair of infralabials; (5) anal scale usually divided; (6) first triad complete; (7) 2-6 red vertebrals separating first triad from parietals; (8) dorsal surface of head black with white band crossing snout; margins of scales within white band not edged in black; parietals partly red; (9) extent of black pigment in red and white rings variable; (10) white rings longest ventrally, never constricted or broken ventrally by black rings; (11) mental and some anterior infralabials entirely black (i.e., band across snout broken by entirely black infralabials) or red; (12) 9-15 triads on the body and 1-1.67 triads on the tail in Bolivian specimens (7-17 and 0.67-2 across the species range, Campbell and Lamar, 1989); (13) white rings always smaller than exterior black rings in Bolivian specimens and elsewhere (Campbell and Lamar, 1989; Harvey et al. 2003). 
CommentSynonymy after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 who list Micrurus lemniscatus multicinctus AMARAL 1944 as synonym of Micrurus frontalis altirostris. Campbell & Lamar 2004 list M. (l.) frontifasciatus as a synonym of Micrurus lemniscatus (without reference or justification). For a discussion of nomenclatural and historical issues, see Pires et al. 2021 who also synonymized M. l. helleri with M. lemniscatus.

Venomous!

Subspecies: all former subspecies of M. lemniscatus have either been synonymized or elevated to full species status. 
EtymologyIn Latin lemniscatus means adorned with ribbons, referring to the red, black, and white bands.
M. l. carvalhoi was named after the Brazilian herpetologist, Antenor Leitäo de Carvalho, "whose friendly cooperation is weIl known and appreciated within and outside Brazil," as is stated in the original description. 
References
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