Naja nivea (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher Taxa	Elapidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Cape Cobra G: Kap-Kobra
Synonym	Coluber niveus LINNAEUS 1758: 223 Vipera (Echidna) flava MERREM 1820 Naja nivea BOIE 1827 Naja gutturalis SMITH 1838: 92 Naja intermixta DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 1298 Naja haje var. capensis JAN 1863: 119 Naia flava BOULENGER 1887 Naja flava STERNFELD 1910 Naja nivea — FITZSIMONS & BRAIN 1958 Naja nivea — HARDING & WELCH 1980 Naja nivea — BRANCH 1981: 27 Naja nivea — AUERBACH 1987: 197 Naja nivea — WELCH 1994: 93 Naja (Uraeus) nivea — WALLACH et al. 2009 Uraeus niveus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 763 Naja nivea — BATES et al. 2014: 406 Naja nivea — SCHLEICHER 2020
Distribution	C/S Namibia, SW Botswana, W Republic of South Africa, Lesotho Type locality: “Africa”
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Holotype: NRM (NHRM) 91
Diagnosis
Comment	Venomous! Variation: According to FITZSIMONS & BRAIN 1958 found in 3 color forms: uniform honey yellow, reddish-brown mottled, uniform yellow to reddish-brown. Diet: Feeds mainly on small rodents, but will also take frogs and toads and small birds. Synonymy partly after BROADLEY & WÜSTER 2004.
References	Auerbach, R.D. 1987. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Botswana. Mokwepa Consultants, Botswana, 295 pp. Barends, J. M., & Maritz, B. 2021. Specialized morphology, not relatively large head size, facilitates competition between a small‐bodied specialist and large‐bodied generalist competitors. Journal of Zoology - get paper here Bates, M.F.; Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M.; Burger, M., Marais, J.; Alexander, G.J. & de Villliers, M.S. (eds.) 2014. Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 512 pp. Bauer, A.M., and Branch, W.R. 2003. The herpetofauna of the Richtersveld National Park, Northern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Herpetological Natural History 8: 111-160 [2001] Berkheimer, R. 1996. Want to get lens-to-nose with venomous snakes? Reptile & Amphibian Magazine (Feb 1996): 66-71 BOURQUIN, O. & V. GRUENER 2017. A NOTE ON THE HERPETOFAUNA OF MODISA CAMP (BOTSWANA) AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. African Herp News (64): 9-26 - get paper here Branch, W. R. 1981. The venomous snakes of southern Africa 2. Elapidae and Hydrophidae. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 17 (1): 1-47 - get paper here Branch, W. R. 1998. Naja nivea Cape Cobra. Size. African Herp News (27): 17-18 - get paper here Branch, W.R.; Haagner, G.V.; Hall, R. 1993. Life History Notes - Naja nivea. J. Herp. Assoc. Africa (42): 40-40 - get paper here Branch, William R. 1993. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 144 S. Broadley, D. & Blaylock 2013. The Snakes of Zimbabwe and Botswana. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 387 pp. [book review in Sauria 35 (2): 59 and Copeia 2014: 388] - get paper here Broadley, D.G. 1968. A review of the African cobras of the genus Naja (Serpentes: Elapinae). Arnoldia (Rhodesia) (ser. 3) 29: 1-14 BROADLEY, D.G. & W. WÜSTER 2004. A review of the southern African ‘non-spitting’ cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja). African Journal of Herpetology 53 (2):101-122 - get paper here Cimatti, E. 2007. Namibia - Introduction to a vast territory. Reptilia (GB) (50): 58-67 - get paper here Conradie, Werner; Brian Reeves , Neil Brown, & Jan A. Venter 2016. Herpetofauna of the Oviston, Commando Drift and Tsolwana nature reserves in the arid interior of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Indago 32: 81-98 - get paper here Cunningham, Michael, Catherine Lys Henderson and Krystal A. Tolley 2003. Herpetological Surveys. Cockscomb (T'Numqa) Mountain. African Herp News (36):22-25 - get paper here Dobiey, M. & Vogel, G. 2007. Venomous Snakes of Africa - Giftschlangen Afrikas. Edition Chimaira, Terralog 15, 150 pp. - get paper here Fitzsimons, V.F.M.; Brain, C.K. 1958. A Short account of the Reptiles of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Koedoe, 1(1): 99-104 - get paper here Fraser M. 2023. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, Western Cape, South Africa. Biodiversity Observations 13: 162–185. 14 March 2023 - get paper here GOLDBERG, S.R. 2009. Naja nivea (Linneaus, 1758) Reproduction. African Herp News (50): 28 - get paper here Goldberg, S.R. & BURSEY, C.R. 2009. Naja nivea (Linneaus, 1758) Endoparasites. African Herp News (50): 29-30 - get paper here Haagner, G.V.; Branch, W.R. 1996. Life History Notes - Naja nivea. African Herp News (25): 42-42 - get paper here Herrmann, H.-W.; W.R. Branch 2013. Fifty years of herpetological research in the Namib Desert and Namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist. Journal of Arid Environments 93: 94–115 - get paper here Hörold, Ralf 2019. Die echten Kobras und ihre Gifte Ophidia 13 (1): 18-26 Layloo, Inshaaf; Caitlin Smith & Bryan Maritz 2017. Diet and feeding in the Cape Cobra, Naja nivea. African Journal of Herpetology 66 (2): 147-153 - get paper here Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here Phelps, Tony. 2007. Naja nivea Maximum size. African Herp News (42): 22-23 - get paper here Phelps, Tony. 2007. Observations of the Cape cobra, Naja nivea (Serpentes: Elapidae) in the DeHoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Herpetological Bulletin 99: 29-35 - get paper here Post, Yorick; Jens Puschhof, Joep Beumer, Harald M. Kerkkamp, Merijn A.G. de Bakker, Julien Slagboom, Buys de Barbanson, Nienke R. Wevers, Xandor M. Spijkers, Thomas Olivier,<br />Taline D. Kazandjian, Stuart Ainsworth, Carmen Lopez Iglesias, Willine 2020. Snake Venom Gland Organoids. Cell 180, 233–247 - get paper here Reeves, B., Brooke, C. F., Venter, J. A., & Conradie, W. 2022. The Reptiles and Amphibians of the Mpofu-Fort Fordyce Nature Reserve Complex in the Winterberg Mountains, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. African Journal of Wildlife Research, 52(1) - get paper here Schleicher, Alfred 2015. Reptilien Namibias. Namibia Scientific Society, 276 pp. Schleicher, Alfred 2020. Reptiles of Namibia. Kuiseb Publishers, Windhoek, Namibia, 271 pp. Schmidt, Dieter 2015. Ophiophagie bei Schlangen im Terrarium. Terraria-Elaphe 2015 (5): 72-73 - get paper here Smith, A. 1838. Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 2 (14): 92-94 Spawls, S., Branch, B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Blandford, London, 192 pp. Tolley KA, Telford NS, Makhubo BG, Power RJ, Alexander GJ 2023. Filling the gap: Noteworthy herpetological discoveries in North West Province, South Africa. Zoosystematics and Evolution 99(1): 101-116 - get paper here Trutnau, L. 1984. Erfahrungen bei der Pflege und Nachzucht von zwei afrikanischen Naja-Arten: der Schwarzweißen Hutschlange Naja melanoleuca HALLOWELL 1857 und der Kapkobra Naja nivea (LINNAEUS 1758). Herpetofauna 6 (31): 15-26 - get paper here VISSER, J. 2012. Naja nivea Linaeus, 1758. African Herp News (56): 32-33 - get paper here Wallach, V.; Wüster, W. & Broadley, D.G. 2009. In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa 2236: 26–36 - get paper here Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp. Winchell, S. 2011. Kobras. Reptilia (Münster) 16 (89): 16-22 - get paper here WITBERG, M. 2011. Naja nivea (Linnaeus, 1758) Juvenile colouration. African Herp News (53): 46-47 - get paper here Witberg, Marcel. 2007. Naja nivea Juvenile markings. African Herp News (42): 21-22 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://mzone.mweb.co.za/residents/net12980/snaps.html http://www.arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Squamata/Agamidae/Ctenophorus/ornatus http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/reptiles/squamata/serpentes/elapidae… http://www.batraciens-reptiles.com/reptiles5.htm https://accesspd.co.za/species/cape-cobra http://www.wildherps.com/species/S.magister.html http://www.wildherps.com/species/S.merriami.html Google images

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