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Oxybelis aeneus (WAGLER, 1824)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Brown vinesnake, Mexican Vine Snake
G: Erzspitznatter
S: Bejuquilla Parda
Portuguese: Bicuda, Boitiaboia, Cipó, Cipó-Bicuda, Cobra-Bicuda, Cobra-Cipó, Cobra-Cipó-Bicuda, Cobra-Flecha 
SynonymDryinus aeneus WAGLER in SPIX 1824: 12
Coluber acuminatus WIED 1824: 667
Dryinus auratus BELL 1825
Oxybelis aeneus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 819
Dryophis (Coluber) acuminatus — GÜNTHER 1860: 233
Dryiophis acuminata — COPE 1878: 34
Oxybelis acuminatus — BOCOURT 1897
Oxybelis argenteus — BOCOURT 1897
Oxybelis acuminatus — BARBOUR 1916
Oxybelis acuminatus — STUART 1935: 53
Oxybelis acuminatus — SLEVIN 1942: 477
Oxybelis aeneus aeneus — BEEBE 1946: 35
Oxybelis auratus — HALL 1951
Oxybelis aeneus auratus — DAVIS & SMITH 1953
Oxybelis aeneus auratus — ZWEIFEL & NORRIS 1955
Oxybelis acuminatus — NEILL & ALLEN 1959: 56
Oxybelis aeneus auratus — FUGLER & DIXON 1961
Oxybelis aeneus auratus — HARDY 1969: 188
Oxybelis aeneus — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Oxybelis aeneus auratus — WEBB 1984
Oxybelis aeneus auratus — TANNER 1985
Oxybelis aeneus — STEBBINS 1985: 220
Oxybelis aeneus — VILLA et al. 1988
Oxybelis aeneus — LINER 1994
Oxybelis aeneus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Oxybelis argenteus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999 (as valid species)
Oxybelis aeneus — LEHR 2002: 95
Oxibelis aeneus — PORRAS 2006 (in error)
Oxybelis aeneus — CROTHER et al. 2012
Oxybelis aeneus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 515
Oxybelis aeneus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Oxybelis aeneus — JADIN et al. 2020 
DistributionRestricted to the Amazon Basin (without further details) by Jadin et al. 2020.

Probably Colombia (incl. Valle del Cauca), Venezuela (Mérida [Esqueda & La Marca 1999]), Ecuador, Brazil (Amazonia, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Rondonia, Roraima, Pará, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, S Ceará, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Sergipe), Peru (Ancash [HR 31: 56]), Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana

Type locality: Solimöens River, near Ega (= Tefé), Amazonas, Brazil (~ 03° 21′ S, 64° 42′ W)

auratus: Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua)

potosiensis: Mexico (San Luis Potosí); Type locality: Mexico: 32 mi N Ciudad Maiz, San Luis Potosí; E. H. Taylor; Summer, 1940.

Mexico (Veracruz) fide TORRES-HERNÁNDEZ et al. 2021.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: ZSM 2645/0, female, collected by Spix and Martius expedition to Brazil 1817-1820, designated by Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983: 326.
Holotype: AMNH 3886 [Coluber acuminatus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: A vine snake with (1) three upper labials (4–5–6) bordering the orbit; (2) black bars or spots present on the anterior body; (3) no stripes on the ventral surface; venter is mottled; (4) eye diameter greater than preocular; (5) second pair of chin shields separated by smaller scales for most of its length; (6) nine upper labials, three located behind the orbit; (7) snout from above narrow, tapered, and flat at rostral (snout type B); (8) supraocular slightly longer than prefrontals; (9) last upper labial longer than primary temporal; (10) lower surface of head uniform in color; and (11) second upper labial does not contact the preocular.
Tail is 0.7 of the SVL; the eye diameter is 1.4 times the length of the preocular scale and 0.93 of the internasal length. Primary temporal contacts both postoculars, the parietal, and two secondary temporals. Upper labials 6–7–8–9 contact the primary temporal. Ventral counts in males 179–197 (n = 15, x = 188.8, SD = 9.00). In females, ventral counts ranged from 184 to 203 (n = 20, x = 192.1, SD = 9.54). Subcaudal counts 154–188 in males (n = 12, x = 169.5, SD = 17.16) and 146–184 (n = 15, x = 168.2, SD = 19.08) in females. It has 17–20 maxillary teeth (Keiser 1974, Jadin et al. 2020).


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CommentRelative abundance in Honduras: infrequent

Distribution: Jadin et al. 2020 restricted O. aeneus to the Amazon basin and assigned all other populations to different species. That seems a bit preliminary, given that they seem to have had only one sample from all of Brazil and surrounding areas in Peru, Colombia and Venezuela (!) (Jadin et al. 2020: Fig. 3). Previously also reported from USA (Arizona), Mexico (Chiapas, Morelos, Oaxaca, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Aguascalientes, Tamaulipas, Campeche, Quéretaro, Jalisco, Sonora, Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Nuevo León, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Puebla, Guerrero, Durango), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Belize, Nicaragua (incl. Corn island), Costa Rica, Panama. See map in Nogueira et al. 2019.

Comparisons: for a morphological comparison of species in the O. aeneus complex (aeneus, koehleri, microphthalmus, potosiensis, rutherfordi, vittatus), see Table 5 in Jadin et al. 2020.

Type species: Dryinus aeneus WAGLER 1824: 12 is the type species of the genus Oxybelis WAGLER 1830.

Phylogenetics: Oxybelis aeneus is likely a species complex harboring numerous cryptic lineages throughout its range that diversified in the Pliocene (Jadin et al. 2019, 2020).

Synonymy: Swiss zoologist Emil August Göldi (1859-1917) collected or sent a snake to to the Museum in Berne (Switzerland) that was inventoried as Oxybelis goeldii, but without further details and thus possibly a nomen nudum. Jadin et al. revalidated several synonyms of O. aeneus, including Oxybelis microphthalmus, O. vittatus, and O. potosensis. Jadin et al. 2021 revalidated O acuminatus, apparently without examining any specimens (none are listed in their list of “specimens examined); C. Nogueira et al. (pers. comm., 25 March 2021) reject this decision as long as not more material is examined.

Habitat: fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018). 
EtymologyThe specific epithet is the Latin word aeneus, meaning "bronze, or copper" in reference to the body color of the holotype (LEMOS-ESPINAL & DIXON 2013).

The genus name Oxybelis is derived from the Greek words oxy, meaning "pointed" and belas, meaning "dart," in reference to the elongated head. 
References
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