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Paleosuchus palpebrosus (CUVIER, 1807)

IUCN Red List - Paleosuchus palpebrosus - , LR
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Higher TaxaAlligatoridae, Crocodylia, crocodiles (alligators) 
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Dwarf caiman, Cuvier's smooth-fronted caiman
Local names: Jacaré pagua, Cachirre, Cocodrilo, Musky caiman.
G: Brauen-Glattstirnkaimans 
SynonymCrocodilus palpebrosus CUVIER 1807: 35
Jacaretinga moschifer SPIX 1825 (fide DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 69)
Champsa gibbiceps NATTERER 1840: 324
Champsa palpebrosa — WAGLER 1830: 140
Alligator palpebrosus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 67
Aligator palpebrosus — BRÜHL 1874
Paleosuchus palpebrosus — KING & BURKE 1989
Paleosuchus palpebrosus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Paleosuchus palpebrosus — CACCIALI et al. 2016 
DistributionBolivia, Brazil (Goias, Acre, Piauí, Pernambuco, Paraíba etc.), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana ?, NE Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Trinidad

Type locality: "Cayenne," French Guiana.  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesSyntypes: MNHN-RA 2145, MNHN-RA 2147, MNHN-RA 2149, MNHN-RA 7525, MNHN-RA 7527 and MNHN-RA 7530 (holotype: MNHN-RA 7530, according to Vaillant 1898, and MNHN 7531 according to Vaillant 1898) 
Diagnosis 
CommentDistribution: Slightly larger distribution than that of the sympatric Paleosuchus trigonatus, extending into Paraguay and further into Brazil. Not listed for Guyana fide Cole et al. 2013. 
Etymology 
References
  • Ali, Saiyaad H.; Nalini Rampersad-Ali and John C. Murphy 2016. The discovery of Cuvier’s Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Reptilia: Alligatoridae) in Trinidad J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalist’s Club - get paper here
  • Avila-Pires, Teresa C.S.; Kleiton R. Alves-Silva, Laís Barbosa, Fabrício S. Correa, Jorge F. A. Cosenza, Ana Paula V. Costa-Rodrigues, Aurea A. Cronemberger, Marinus S. Hoogmoed, Geraldo R. Lima-Filho, Adriano O. Maciel, Alexandre F. R. Missassi, Lyw 2018. Changes in Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Over Time in Parque Estadual do Utinga, a Protected Area Surrounded by Urbanization Herpetology Notes 11: 499-512 - get paper here
  • Barban Zucoloto, Rodrigo; Priscilla Marqui Schmidt Villela; Luciano Martins Verdade and Luiz Lehmann Coutinho 2006. Cross-species microsatellite amplification in South American Caimans (Caiman spp and Paleosuchus palpebrosus). Genetics and Molecular Biology 29 (1): 75-78
  • Bauer A.M. and Russell A.P 2017. Carl Bernhard Brühl and the Herpetological Contributions of his Zootomie aller Thierklassen Bibliotheca Herpetologica 13 (1-2): 4-34
  • Bernarde, Paulo Sérgio;, Reginaldo Assêncio Machado & Luiz Carlos Batista Turci 2011. Herpetofauna da área do Igarapé Esperança na Reserva Extrativista Riozinho da Liberdade, Acre – Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 11 (3): 117-144 - get paper here
  • Brühl, C.B. 1874. Zootomie aller Thierklassen für Lernende, nach Autopsien, skizzirt. Bd. 1-4. Alfred Hölder, Wien: Bd. 1, 86 pp.; Bd. 2, 90 pp.; Bd. 3, 114 pp.; Bd. 4, 152 pp. (published in parts from 1874 to 1888, see Bauer & Russell 2017 for details) - get paper here
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
  • Campos, Zilca and Tãnia M. Sanaiotti. 2006. Paleosuchus palpebrosus Nesting. Herpetological Review 37 (1): 81 - get paper here
  • Campos, Zilca, Tânia Sanaiotti, Vanílio Marques and William E. Magnusson. 2015. Geographic Variation in Clutch Size and Reproductive Season of the Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus, in Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 49 (1): 95-98
  • Campos, Zilca; Sanaiotti, Tânia; Magnusson, William E. 2010. Maximum size of dwarf caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier, 1807), in the Amazon and habitats surrounding the Pantanal, Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia 31: 439-442 - get paper here
  • Campos, Zilca; William E. Magnusson, and Vanílio Marques 2013. Growth Rates of Paleosuchus palpebrosus at the Southern Limit of its Range. Herpetologica Dec 2013, Vol. 69, No. 4: 405-410. - get paper here
  • Carvalho, Elildo A.R.; Jr. and Victor B.G. Véras Batista 2013. Distribution and Abundance of Caiman latirostris and Paleosuchus palpebrosus at Grande Serao Veredas <br />National Park, Central Brazil. Herp. Cons. Biol. 8 (3) - get paper here
  • CATENAZZI, A., LEHR, E. & VON MAY, R. 2013. The amphibians and reptiles of Manu National Park and its buffer zone, Amazon basin and eastern slopes of the Andes, Peru. Biota Neotrop. 13(4): 269-283
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • Cuvier, G. 1807. Sur les différentes especes de crocodiles vivans et sur leurs caracteres distinctifs. Ann. Natl. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 10: 8-86. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M. C. and G. Bibron. 1836. Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 3. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 528 pp. - get paper here
  • Dutra-Araújo, Diogo 2017. PALEOSUCHUS PALPEBROSUS (Cuvier's Dwarf caiman) – DIET. Herpetology Notes 10: 169-171 - get paper here
  • Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0
  • Hoogmoed M.S.; de Avila-Pires T C S 1991. Annotoated checklist of the herpetofauna of Petit Saut, Sinnamary River, French Guiana. Zoologische Mededelingen 65: 53-88 - get paper here
  • Madella-Auricchio, Cláudia Renata; Paulo Auricchio Enio Saraiva Soares 2017. Reptile species composition in the Middle Gurguéia and comparison with inventories in the eastern Parnaíba River Basin, State of Piauí, Brazil Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57(28): 375-386,
  • Magnusson W E 1992. Paleosuchus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 553: 1-4 - get paper here
  • Magnusson W E 1992. Paleosuchus palpebrosus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 554: 1-2 - get paper here
  • Medem, F. 1953. Contribuciones a la taxonomía y distribución del yacaré negro, Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier) en Colombia. Rev. Colomb. Antropologia 1 (1): 409-419
  • Medem, F. 1967. El genero Paleosuchus en Amazonia. Atas do Simp.sobre Biota Amaz. 3: 141-162
  • Medem, F. 1972. El primer nacimiento de Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Rev. Acad. Colomb. Ci., Ex., Fis., Nat. 53: 33-36
  • Melo, Íris Virgínea; Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de Moura, Marco Antonio de Freitas, Edson Victor Euclides de Andrade, Cláudio Casal, Arthur Diesel Abegg, Marcelo Nogueira de Carvalho Kakubum 2018. New additions to herpetofauna of the Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, an urban Atlantic Rainforest Fragment, Recife municipality, Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 11: 245-254 - get paper here
  • Merchant, Mark, Shirley, Matthew H. and Watson, Charles M. 2016. Paleosuchus spp. (Dwarf Caiman) and Osteolaemus spp (Dwarf Crocodile) Defense mechanisms Herpetological Review 47 (4): 660-663 - get paper here
  • Mesquita, Daniel Oliveira; Brygida Alves, Carmem Pedro, Daniel Laranjeiras, Francis Caldas, Isabella Pedrosa, Jefter Rodrigues, Leandro Drummond, Lucas Cavalcanti, Milena Wachlevski, Paulo Nogueira-Costa, Rafaela França, Frederico França 2018. Herpetofauna in two habitat types (tabuleiros and Stational Semidecidual Forest) in the Reserva Biológica Guaribas, northeastern Brazil Herpetology Notes 11: 455-474 - get paper here
  • Miles, Lee G.; Stacey L. Lance; Sally R. Isberg; Chris Moran; Travis C. Glenn 2009. Cross-species amplification of microsatellites in crocodilians: assessment and applications for the future. Conservation Genetics. 10:935–954
  • Miranda, Daniele Bazzo; Nathocley Mendes Venâncio, Saymon de Albuquerque 2014. Rapid survey of the herpetofauna in an area of forest management in eastern Acre, Brazil. Check List 10 (4): 893-899 - get paper here
  • Morais, Drausio H.; Christine Strüssmann, Vinícius T. de Carvalho and Ricardo A. Kawashita-Ribeiro. 2010. First record of Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing Paleosuchus palpebrosus Cuvier, 1807 (Reptilia:Crocodylidae), in the western border of Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Herpetology Notes 3: 133 - get paper here
  • Morato, S.A.A.; Calixto, P.O.; Mendes, L.R.; Gomes, R.; Galatti, U.; Trein, F.L.; Oliveira, F.S.; Ferreira, G.N. 2014. Guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Estado do Pará. Curitiba: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.; 213 p. - get paper here
  • Natterer, Johann 1840. Beitrag zur näheren Kenntniss der südamerikanischen Alligatoren, nach gemeinschaftlichen Untersuchungen mit L.J. Fitzinger. Ann. naturhist. Hof. Mus. Wien 2: 311-324
  • Neves MO, Yves A, Pereira EA, Alves L, Vasques JB, Coelho JFT, Silva PS 2019. Herpetofauna in a highly endangered area: the Triângulo Mineiro region, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Herpetozoa 32: 113-123 - get paper here
  • Nickel, H. & Auliya, M. 2004. Krokodile - faszinierende Überlebenskünstler. Draco 5 (20): 4-19 - get paper here
  • Oliveira, Seixas Rezende; Wilian Vaz-Silva, Marcelino Benvindo de Souza, Sheila Pereira de Andrade, Alessandro Ribeiro de Morais 2019. A caecilian (Siphonops sp.) as prey of a dwarf caiman Paleosuchus palpebrosus: an observation from Central Brazil Herpetology Notes 12: 71-73 - get paper here
  • Piras, Paolo; Luciano Teresi; Angela D. Buscalioni and Jorge Cubo 2009. The shadow of forgotten ancestors differently constrains the fate of Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea. Global Ecology and Biogeography (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) 18: 30–40
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Roberto, Igor Joventino and Ciro Ginez Albano. 2014. Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier's smooth-fronted caiman). Herpetological Review 45 (1): 121-122 - get paper here
  • Roos, Jonas; Ramesh K. Aggarwal, Axel Janke 2007. Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 663–673 - get paper here
  • Santos, D.L.; S.P. Andrade; E.P. Victor-Jr.; W. Vaz-Silva 2014. Amphibians and reptiles from southeastern Goiás, Central Brazil. Check List 10 (1): 131-148 - get paper here
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  • Vaz-Silva, W. et al. 2007. Herpetofauna, Espora Hydroelectric Power Plant, state of Goiás, Brazil. Check List 3 (4): 338-345 - get paper here
  • Vogt, R.C.; Ferrara, C.R.; Bernhard, R.; Carvalho, V.T.; Balensiefer, D.C.; Bonora, L.; Novelle, S.M.H. 2007. Capítulo 9. Herpetofauna. p. 127-143. In: Rapp Py-Daniel, L.; Deus, C.P.; Henriques, A.L.; Pimpão, D.M.; Ribeiro, O.M. (orgs.). Biodiversidade do Médio Madeira: Bases científicas para propostas de conservação. INPA: Manaus, 244pp.
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  • Willis, Ray E. 2009. Transthyretin gene (TTR) intron 1 elucidates crocodylian phylogenetic relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (3): 1049-1054 - get paper here
  • Ziegler, T. & Olbort, S. 2004. Genitalstrukturen und Geschlechtsunterscheidung bei Krokodilen. Draco 5 (20): 39-47 - get paper here
  • Ziegler, T.; Behrmann, H.-J.; Beek, B. & Rütz, N. 2004. Erste Naturbruten des Brauen-Glattstirnkaimans (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) im Aquarium des Kölner Zoos. Draco 5 (20): 28-31 - get paper here
 
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