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Phalotris suspectus (AMARAL, 1924)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Dumeril's Diadem Snake
Portuguese: Cabeça-Preta, Cabeça-Preta-da-Areia, Cabeça-Preta-da-Praia, Cabeça-Preta-Meridional, Cabeça-Preta-Pampeana 
SynonymElapomorphus suspectus AMARAL 1924: 202
Elapomorphus bilineatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 (part.)
Elapomorphus bilineatus — ÁBALOS & MISCHIS 1975 (part.)
Elapomorphus bilineatus suspectus — LEMA 1978
Elapomorphus lemniscatus suspectus — LEMA 1979
Elapomorphus (Phalotris) spegazzinii suspectus — LEMA 1984
Elapomorphus spegazzinii suspectus — WILLIAMS & FRANCINI 1991
Elapomorphus (Phalotris) spegazzinii suspectus — CEI 1993
Phalotris suspectus — DE LEMA 2002
Phalotris bilineatus — GIRAUDO & SCROCCHI 2002 (part.)
Phalotris bilineatus — SCROCCHI et al. 2010 (part.)
Phalotris suspectus – SCROCCHI et al. 2022 
DistributionArgentina (Buenos Aires, Chubut, Córdoba, La Pampa, Río Negro, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fe, Tucumán)

Type locality: “Pilár" (near Córdoba, Argentina)  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: USNM 48939, adult male 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1256 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Synonymy: see P. lemniscatus with which this species has been synonymized previously.

Distribution: See map in Scorcchi et al. 2002: 51 (Fig. 3). 
EtymologyNamed after Latin suspectus, suspected/mistrusted; of doubtful character; suspicious [“...This species is closely allied to E. lemiiscatus, from which it differs greatly in coloration...]. (from Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., May 2024) 
References
  • Abegg, Arthur Diesel; Omar Machado Entiauspe-Neto, Thales de Lema 2015. First record of albinism in the Elapomorphini tribe (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Herpetology Notes 8: 503-505 - get paper here
  • Amaral, A. do 1924. New genus and species of South American snakes contained in the United States National Museum. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 14: 200-202 - get paper here
  • Avila, Fernanda de; Juliano Oliveira, Mateus de Oliveira, Marcio Borges-Martins, Victor Hugo Valiati, Alexandro Tozetti 2019. Does color polymorphism affect the predation risk on Phalotris lemniscatus (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854) (Serpentes, Dipsadidae)? Acta Herpetologica 14 (1): 57-63 - get paper here
  • Bérnils, R.S.; Batista, M.A. & Bertelli, P.W. 2001. Cobras e lagartos do Vale: levantamento das espécies de Squamata (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) da Bacia do Rio Itajai, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Rev. Est. Ambientais (Blumenau) 3 (1): 69-79
  • Borteiro, C., Abegg, A. D., Oda, F. H., Cardozo, D., Kolenc, F., Etchandy, I., ... & Baldo, D. 2021. Aberrant colouration in wild snakes: case study in Neotropical taxa and a review of terminology. Salamandra 57 (1): 124-138 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Remarks on the variation of Elapomorphus lemniscatus. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 15: 321-323 - get paper here
  • Boulenger,G.A. 1889. Description of a new snake and two new fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering in Brazil. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 4: 265-267 - get paper here
  • Boulenger,G.A. 1913. Descriptions of a new lizard and a new snake from South America. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (3) 6: 49-50 - get paper here
  • Cabral, Hugo and Pier Cacciali 2015. A New Species of Phalotris (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from the Paraguayan Chaco. Herpetologica 72 (1): 72-77. - get paper here
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
  • Carreira Vidal, Santiago 2002. Alimentación de los ofidios de Uruguay. Asoc. Herp. Esp., Monograf. Herp. 6, 127 pp. - get paper here
  • Carreira, S.; Brazeiro, A.; Camargo, A.; da Rosa, I.; Canavero, A. & Maneyro, M. 2012. DIVERSITY OF REPTILES OF URUGUAY: KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION GAPS. Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2a época) 21 (1-2): 9-29 - get paper here
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  • de Lema, Thales. 2011. Phalotris trilineatus (littoral blackhead) ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 42 (3): 368 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., 1854. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536 - get paper here
  • Entiauspe-Neto, Omar Machado; Tângela Denise Perleberg and Marco Antonio de Freitas 2016. Herpetofauna from an urban Pampa fragment in southern Brazil: composition, structure and conservation. Check List 12(5): 1964 - get paper here
  • Esteves, Geiza Pontes 2011. Filogenia das serpentes do grupo de Phalotris lemniscatus (Serpentes, Colubridae) baseada em marcadores moleculares. BS thesis, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS - get paper here
  • Ferrarezzi H. 1993. Nota sobre o genero Phalotris com revisao do grupo nasutus e descricao de tres novas especies (Serpentes, Colubridae, Xenodontinae). Mem. Inst. Butantan 55 (SUPPL. 1): 21-38. - get paper here
  • Freiberg, M.A. 1982. Snakes of South America. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, 189 pp. - get paper here
  • Giraudo, A. R., and G. J. Scrocchi 2002. Argentinian Snakes: An Annotated Checklist. Smithsonian Herp. Inf. Serv. (132): 1-53 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Graca Salomão, M. da et al. 2003. Colubrid snakebite: a public health problem in Brazil. Herpetological Review 34 (4): 307-312 - get paper here
  • Jan, G. 1865. Iconographie générale des ophidiens. 14. Livraison. [Elapomorphus d’Orbignyi, Coronella getulus var. Sayi]. J.B. Bailière et Fils, Paris - get paper here
  • Jansen, M; Kohler, G 2008. A new species of Phalotris from the eastern lowlands of Bolivia (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 103-110
  • Kolb, P; Mmoser, C F; Oliveira, R B & Tozetti, A M 2018. Phalotris lemniscatus (Dumeril’s Diadem Snake) Predation. Herpetological Review 49 (4): 761 - get paper here
  • Lema, T. de 1982. Fauna de serpentes da província pampeana e inter- relações com as províncias limítrofes. Mem. Inst. Butantan 46: 173-182 - get paper here
  • Lema, Th. de 1970. Sobre o status de Elapomorphus bilineatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854, curiosa serpente subterranea. Iheringia, Ser. Zool. (38): 89-118
  • Lema, Th. de 1978. O status de Elapomorphus suspectus Amaral 1924. (Ophidia: Colubridae). Comunicações do Museu de Ciências DA PUCRGS No. 16/17: 1-16
  • Lema, Th. de 1979. Sobre a validade dos nomes Elapomorphus bilineatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854 e E. lemniscatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854 (Ophidia: Colubridae). Iheringia, Ser. Zool. (54): 77-81
  • Lema, Th. de 1984. Sobre o genero Elapomorphus Wiegmann, 1843 (Serpentes, Colubridae, Elapomorphinae). Iheringia, Ser. Zool. 64: 53-86
  • Lema, Th. de 1991. Anomalias na escamacao de duas especies de Elapomorphus da America do Sul meridional (Serpentes: Colubridae: Elapomorphindae). Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 12 (2): 339-358 [1990]
  • Lema, Th. de 1994. Lista comentada dos répteis occorentes nor Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comun. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. PUCRS, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre 7: 41-150
  • Leynaud, Gerardo C. and Enrique H. Bucher 1999. La fauna de serpientes del Chaco Sudamericano: diversidad, distribución geografica y estado de conservación. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Miscelanea (98):1-46
  • Minoli I, Morando M, Avila LJ 2015. Reptiles of Chubut province, Argentina: richness, diversity, conservation status and geographic distribution maps. ZooKeys 498: 103-126. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.498.7476 - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
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  • Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig 1860. Drei neue Schlangen des k. zoologischen Museums aus America und Bemerkungen über die generelle Unterscheidung von anderen bereits bekannten Arten. Monatsber. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1860 (October): 517-521 - get paper here
  • Prigioni, C.; C. Borteiro; F. Kolenc. 2011. Amphibia and Reptilia, Quebrada de los Cuervos, Departamento de Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. Check List 7 (6): 763-767 - get paper here
  • Puorto G. Ferrarezzi H. 1993. Uma nova especie de Phalotris Cope, 1862, com comentarios sobre o grupo Bilineatus (Serpentes: Colubridae: Xenodontinae). Mem. Inst. Butantan 55 (SUPPL. 1): 39-46. - get paper here
  • Schaefer, E.F. 1998. Phalotris lemniscatus. Argentina: Corrientes. Herpetological Review 29 (3): 178 - get paper here
  • Scrocchi, G. J., Giraudo, A. R., & Nenda, S. J. 2022. Taxonomic notes on the Phalotris bilineatus group (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Elapomorphini), with the description of a new species from northwestern Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetología 36 (1): 47-63 - get paper here
  • Scrocchi, G.J.; Moreta, J.C. & Kretzschmar, S. 2006. Serpientes del Noroeste Argento [Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero]. Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, 178 pp.
  • Scrocchi, Gustavo J.; Cristian S. Abdala,Javier Nori, Hussam Zaher 2010. Reptiles de la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Fondo Ed. Rionegrino, 249 pp.
  • Strauch,A. 1884. Bemerkungen über die Schlangengattung Elapomorphus aus der Familie der Calamariden. 2nd. Ed. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg 29: 541-590 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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