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Phrynops hilarii (DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1835)

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Higher TaxaChelidae, Chelinae, Pleurodira, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Hilaire’s Toadhead Turtle, Hilaire’s Side-necked Turtle
G: Krötenkopfschildkröte
Portuguese: Cágado-Comum, Cágado-de-Barbelas-Cinzento, Cágado-de-Barbilhão 
SynonymPlatemys Hilarii DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 428
Spatulemys lasalae GRAY 1872
Spatulemys lasalae — GRAY 1873: 73
Platemys Hilairii [sic] — BOULENGER 1886: 424
Hydraspis Hilairii [sic] — BOULENGER 1888: 122
Hydraspis hilarii — BOULENGER 1889
Hydraspis hilarii — BOHLS 1895
Phrynops hilarii — MERTENS et al. 1934
Phrynops geoffroana hilarii — MÜLLER 1939
Phrynops geoffroanus hilarii — LÜLING 1984
Phrynops hilarii — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 58
Phrynops hilarii — MCCORD et al. 2001
Phrynops hillari — VALVERDE 2010 (in error)
Phrynops hilarii — TTWG 2021
Phrynops hilarii — TTWG 2025 
DistributionBrazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, Argentina (Corrientes), Paraguay [ZIEGLER et al. 2002]

Type locality: "Bresil"  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesHolotype: MNHN-RA 8757 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 1956 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentFor a color illustration and distribution map see MCCORD & JOSEPH-OUNI 2002.

Habitat: freshwater (rivers) 
EtymologyNamed in honor of Auguste de Saint Hilaire, NOT in honor of Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805-1861), as given in Beolens et al. 2011. 
References
  • Bager, Alex and João L. O. Rosado 2010. Estimation of Core Terrestrial Habitats for Freshwater Turtles in Southern Brazil Based on Nesting Areas. Journal of Herpetology 44 (4): 658–662 - get paper here
  • Baguette Pereiro, B; 2019. Phrynops hilarii (Hilaire’s Side-necked Turtle) Predation. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 561-562 - get paper here
  • Bohls, J. 1895. Bermerkung zur Eintheilung der Chelydidae. Zool. Anz. 18: 51-53 - get paper here
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1888. Transverse bone of a Chelonian. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 2: 122 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1886. A synopsis of the reptiles and batrachians of the province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 18: 423-445 - get paper here
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Bour, R. 2008. Types of three species of sideneck turtle belonging to the genus Phrynops Wagler, 1830: Emys geoffroana Schweigger, 1812, Platemys hilarii Duméril & Bibron, 1835, and Platemys waglerii Duméril & Bibron, 1835. Emys 15 (2):35-41
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
  • Carreira, S.; Brazeiro, A.; Camargo, A.; da Rosa, I.; Canavero, A. & Maneyro, M. 2012. DIVERSITY OF REPTILES OF URUGUAY: KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION GAPS. Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2a época) 21 (1-2): 9-29 - get paper here
  • Clavijo-Baquet, Sabrina and Larisa Magnone 2017. Daily and Seasonal Basking Behavior in Two South American Freshwater Turtles, Trachemys dorbigni and Phrynops hilarii. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 16 (1): 62-69. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here
  • Entiauspe-Neto, Omar Machado; Tângela Denise Perleberg and Marco Antonio de Freitas 2016. Herpetofauna from an urban Pampa fragment in southern Brazil: composition, structure and conservation. Check List 12(5): 1964 - get paper here
  • Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London
  • Fabrezi, M.; Manzano, A.; Abdala, V. & Zaher, H. 2009. Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 845–866 - get paper here
  • Fritz, U. & G. Mann 1993. Werbeverhalten von Phrynops hilarii. Salamandra 29 (3-4): 161-166 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1872. On Spatulemys Lasalae, a new genus of Hydraspidae from Rio Parana, Corrientes. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 10: 463 - get paper here
  • Gray,J.E. 1873. Additional notes on Spatulemys Lasalae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 11: 73-75 - get paper here
  • Grossmann, P. 1986. Zur Haltung und Nachzucht von Phrynops hilarii (DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1835). Sauria 8 (2): 3-6 - get paper here
  • GUIDETTI Brenda YamiIe, SIROSKI PabIo ArieI, AMAVET Patricia Susana 2015. Characterization of the Genetic Diversity of Trachemys dorbigni and Phrynops hilarii. Asian Herpetological Research 6 (3): 213 - get paper here
  • Ingaramo, María del Rosario; Marangoni, Federico; Cajade, Rodrigo 2015. Herpetofauna de la Reserva Paleontológica del Arroyo Toropí, Bella Vista, Corrientes, Argentina. Cuad. herpetol. 29 (1): - get paper here
  • Isabel Koch & Björn Schäfer 2016. Naturnahe Lebensräume in der Wilhelma: lebendiger Amazonas-Biotop aus Menschenhand. Terraria-Elaphe 2016 (2): 14-21 - get paper here
  • Koslowsky,J. 1898. Enumeración sistemática y distribución geográfica de los reptiles argentinos. Rev. Mus. La Plata 8: 161-200 - get paper here
  • Latorre, Maria A.; Evelyn C. López González, Pablo A. Siroski, Gisela L. Poletta 2015. Basal frequency of micronuclei and hematological parameters in the Side-necked Turtle, Phrynops hilarii (Duméril & Bibron, 1835). Acta Herpetologica 10: 31-37 - get paper here
  • Lourenço, João M.; Julien Claude, Nicolas Galtier, Ylenia Chiari 2011. Dating cryptodiran nodes: Origin and diversification of the turtle superfamily Testudinoidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (1): - get paper here
  • Lüling, K.-H. 1984. Auf der Suche nach der Krötenkopf-Schildkröte Phrynops geoffroanus hilarii. Herpetofauna 6 (31): 12-14 - get paper here
  • McCord, W. P., Joseph-Ouni, M.i & W. W. Lamar 2001. A taxonomic reevaluation of Phrynops (Testudines: Chelidae) with the description of two new genera and a new species of Batrachemys. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49 (2): 715-764 - get paper here
  • McCord, W.P. & Joseph-Ouni, M. 2002. Chelonian illustrations #1: South American Toadhead Turtles. Reptilia (GB) (21): 34-38 - get paper here
  • Philippen, H. - D. 2012. Phrynops. Die Gattung der Krötenkopfschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 17 (98): 42-48 - get paper here
  • Prieto, Yanina A.; Cecilia Bernardi, Víctor Rozycki, and Adriana S. Manzano 2019. Chemical Composition of the Eggs of the Freshwater Turtle Phrynops hilarii (Chelidae: Testudines). Herp. Conserv. Biology 14 (2): - get paper here
  • Prigioni, C.; C. Borteiro; F. Kolenc. 2011. Amphibia and Reptilia, Quebrada de los Cuervos, Departamento de Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. Check List 7 (6): 763-767 - get paper here
  • Semeñiuk, María B. and Leandro Alcalde 2017. Seasonal activity and basking of the southernmost population of the freshwater turtle Phrynops hilarii (Chelidae). Amphibia-Reptilia - get paper here
  • Semeñiuk, María B.; Leandro Alcalde, Rocío M. Sánchez and María J. Cassano 2017. An Easy, Cheap, and Versatile Method to Trap Turtles, with Calibrated Sampling Effort. South American J. Herp. 12 (2): 107-116. - get paper here
  • Smith, P., Maciel, J. ., Redin Hurtado, M. ., Galeano, S. ., Stepan, N. ., Brouard, J.-P. ., Ríos, S. D. ., Ferreira Riveros, M. ., Smith, R. L. ., Owen, M. ., Nicolay, H. ., Derna, R. ., Vera Burró, A. ., Lahaye, T. ., & Cacciali, P. . 2024. Twenty-eight new and significant departmental reptile records for Paraguay Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 347–385 - get paper here
  • Souza, Franco L. 2004. Uma revisão sobre padrões de atividade, reprodução e alimentação de cágados brasileiros (Testudines, Chelidae) [A review on activity patterns, reproduction, and feeding habits in Brazilian chelid turtles (Testudines, Chelidae)]. Phyllomedusa 3 (1): 15-28 - get paper here
  • TOZETTI, A. M., MOSER, C. F., & COLOMBO, P. 2023. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF TAIM, A BRAZILIAN RAMSAR SITE: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND A POSSIBLE CASE OF LOCAL EXTINCTION. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 18(1), 38-47 - get paper here
  • TTWG [TURTLE TAXONOMY WORKING GROUP: RHODIN, A.G.J., IVERSON, J.B., FRITZ, U., GALLEGO-GARCÍA, N., GEORGES, A., SHAFFER, H.B., AND VAN DuK, P.P.]. 2025. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (10th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 10:1-575 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
  • Valverde, J. 2009. Südamerikanische Schildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (80): 16-27 - get paper here
  • Valverde, J. 2010. Schlangenhalsschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (85): 16-23 [erratum in 86: 10] - get paper here
  • Winkler, J.D. 2006. Testing phylogenetic implications of eggshell characters in side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira). Zoology 109: 127-136 - get paper here
  • ZIEGLER, T., UNGER, J., FEILER, A. & E. LEHR 2002. The first Gran Chaco expedition of the Museum für Tierkunde Dresden: Records of amphibians, reptiles and mammals from the Dry Chaco of Paraguay (Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia). Faunistische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden 23: 219-238
 
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