Pituophis catenifer BLAINVILLE, 1835

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Higher Taxa	Colubridae, Colubrinae, Lampropeltini, Serpentes (snakes)
Subspecies	Pituophis catenifer affinis HALLOWELL 1852 Pituophis catenifer annectens BAIRD & GIRARD 1853 Pituophis catenifer bimaris KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis catenifer catenifer (BLAINVILLE 1835) Pituophis catenifer coronalis KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis catenifer deserticola STEJNEGER 1893 Pituophis catenifer fulginatus KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis catenifer insulanus KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis catenifer pumilis KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis catenifer sayi (SCHLEGEL 1837)
Common Names	Gopher Snake affinis: Sonoran Gopher Snake annectens: San Diego Gopher Snake bimaris: Central Baja California Gopher Snake catenifer: Pacific Gophersnake coronalis: deserticola: Great Basin Gopher Snake fulginatus: insulanus: pumilis: Santa Cruz Gopher Snake sayi: Bullsnake
Synonym	Pituophis catenifer (BLAINVILLE 1835) Pituophis catenifer — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 69 Pituophis wilkesii — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853 Pityophis heermanni — HALLOWELL 1853 Elaphis reticulatus DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 246 Pituophis mexicanus — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 256 Coluber catenifer — BOULENGER 1894: 67 Pituophis catenifer rutilus — VAN DENBURGH 1920 Pituophis catenifer stejnegeri — VAN DENBURGH 1920 Pituophis catenifer coronalis KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis catenifer fuliginatus KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer — HIRSCHKORN 1986 Pituophis catenifer — LINER 1994 Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer — BOL 2007 Pituophis catenifer affinis HALLOWELL 1852 Pituophis affinis HALLOWELL 1852 Pituophis sayi affinis — TAYLOR 1938: 493 Pituophis melanoleucus affinis — BOGERT 1966 Pituophis melanoleucus affinis — STEBBINS 1985: 189 Pituophis melanoleucus affinis — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 204 Pituophis catenifer affinis — COLLINS 1997 Pituophis catenifer affinis — CROTHER 2000: 68 Pituophis catenifer affinis — HIRSCHKORN & SKUBOWIUS 2011 Pituophis catenifer affinis — LOVE 2011 Pituophis catenifer affinis — SKUBOWIUS 2012 Pituophis catenifer annectens BAIRD & GIRARD 1853 Pituophis annectens BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 72 Pituophis melanoleucus annectens — STEBBINS 1985: 190 Pituophis melanoleucus annectans [sic] — HIRSCHKORN 1986 Pituophis melanoleucus annectens — LINER 1994 Pituophis melanoleucus annectens — GRISMER et al. 1996 Pituophis catenifer annectens — RODRIGUEZ-ROBLES & JESUS-ESCOBAR 2000 Pituophis catenifer annectans [sic] — MATTISON 2007: 29 Pituophis catenifer bimaris KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis melanoleucus bimaris — STEBBINS 1985: 190 Pituophis melanoleucus bimaris — HIRSCHKORN & SKUBOWIUS 2011 Pituophis catenifer catenifer (BLAINVILLE 1835) Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer — STEBBINS 1985: 190 Pituophis catenifer catenifer — CROTHER 2000: 68 Pituophis catenifer catenifer — HIRSCHKORN & SKUBOWIUS 2011 Pituophis catenifer deserticola STEJNEGER 1893: 206 Pituophis catenifer deserticola — MITTLERMAN 1942 Pituophis catenifer deserticola — BRADLEY & DEACON 1966 Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola — PARKER 1973 Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola — STEBBINS 1985: 190 Pituophis catenifer deserticola — CROTHER 2000: 68 Pituophis catenifer deserticola — HIRSCHKORN & SKUBOWIUS 2011 Pituophis catenifer fulginatus KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis catenifer fuliginatus — RODRÍGUEZ-ROBLES & DE JESÚS-ESCOBAR 2000 Pituophis catenifer pumilis KLAUBER 1946 Pituophis melanoleucus pumilis — STEBBINS 1985: 190 Pituophis catenifer pumilis — CROTHER 2000: 68 Pituophis catenifer pumilus — HIRSCHKORN & SKUBOWIUS 2011 Pituophis catenifer sayi (SCHLEGEL 1837) Coluber Sayi DEKAY 1842: 41 (fide DUMÉRIL et al. 1854) Coronella Sayi - HOLBROOK 1842: 99 Ophibolus Sayi — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 84 Coronella Sayi — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 619 Pituophis sayi sayi — BURT 1935 Pituophis melanoleucus — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 203 Pituophis melanoleucus sayi — LINER 1994 Pituophis catenifer sayi — COLLINS 1997 Pituophis catenifer sayi — MATTISON 2007: 50
Distribution	Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan), USA (Washington, Oregon, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, South Dakota, California, New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Baja California, Aguascalientes) affinis: W Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, SE California and south to Mexico (Zacatecas and S Sinaloa, San Luis Potosi). annectens: S California, N Baja California bimaris: Baja California catenifer:N California, W Oregon, W Washington, S British Columbia coronalis: California: Coronado Island deserticola: E Washington, Oregon, E California, Nevada, Idaho, N Arizona, NW New Mexico, W Colorado, Utah, SW Wyoming fulginatus: Baja California, San Martín Island insulanus: Baja California: Cedros Island pumilis: California: Santa Cruz Island sayi: Canada (S Alberta, S Saskatchewan), USA (Montana, SW North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, Indiana, Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, E New Mexico, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma (BURT 1935), Wisconsin, Texas), Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas) Map legend: - Region according to the TDWG standard, not a precise distribution map. NOTE: TDWG regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and this does not always work properly. We are working on it.
Types	bimaris: Holotype: SDSNH 32621; paratypes SDSNH coronalis: Holotype: SDSNH 20229; paratype SDSNH 11365. fuliginatus:Holotype: SDSNH 17449; paratype SDSNH 17463, 17464 (topotypes) pumilis: Holotype: SDSNH 17238. Holotype: CAS 14203 [deserticola] Holotype: CAS 33869 [affinis] Holotype: CAS 56353 [insulanus]
Comment	Some authors recognize Pituophis melanoleucus annectens (e.g. http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/fauna/cas-herp.html). COLLINS (1997) doesn’t recognize the subspecies bimaris, coronalis, fulginatus, insulanus, vertebralis) but LINER (1994) does. Others consider some of them (like vertebralis) as valid species (e.g. GRISMER 1997). P. c. sayi is closely related to affinis and P. ruthveni (Rodríguez-Robles & De Jesús-Escobar, 2000). Hybridization: Pituophis catenifer sayi × Pantherophis vulpinus hybridize in nature (LeClere et al. 2012).
References	Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, xvi + 172 pp. Bateman, Heather L.; Alice Chung-MacCoubrey, Howard L. Snell, and Deborah M. Finch 2009. Abundance and Species Richness of Snakes along the Middle Rio Grande Riparian Forest in New Mexico. Herp. Cons. Biol. 4: 1 - get paper here Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de 1835. Description de quelques espèces de reptiles de la Californie précédée de l’analyse d’un système général d’herpétologie et d’amphbiologie. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 232-296 Bogert, Charles M.;<br />Roth, Vincent D. 1966. Ritualistic combat of male gopher snakes, Pituophis melanoleucus affinis (Reptilia, Colubridae). American Museum novitates (2245): 1-27 - get paper here Bol, S. 2007. Verzorging en kweek van de Santa Cruz kousebandslang, Thamnophis atratus atratus. Lacerta 65 (5): 200-217 - get paper here Boulenger, George A. 1894. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, xi, 382 pp. - get paper here Boundy, Jeff; Frank T. Burbrink, Jonathan A. Campbell, Brian I. Crother, Kevin de Queiroz, Darrel R. 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. SSAR, 101 pp. Bradley, W. Glen and James E. Deacon 1966. Amphibian and Reptile Records for Southern Nevada. Southwestern Naturalist 11 (1): 132-134 - get paper here Bryson Jr, Robert W.; Uri Omar García-Vázquez and Brett R. Riddle 2011. Phylogeography of Middle American gophersnakes: mixed responses to biogeographical barriers across the Mexican Transition Zone. Journal of Biogeography 38: 1570–1584 Bryson, Robert W. Jr. and Matthew J. Ingrasci. 2006. Pituophis catenifer Diet. Herpetological Review 37 (1): 95 Burt, Charles E. 1933. A collection of amphibians and reptiles from southern Missouri American Midland Naturalist 14 (2): 170-173 - get paper here Burt, Charles E. 1935. Further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west American Midland Naturalist 16 (3): 311-336 - get paper here Casper, Gary S. 2008. An Annotated Checklist of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Wisconsin. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 43(5): 1-7 Chiszar, David;Smith, Hobart M. 1993. Pituophis catenifer sayi (bullsnake). USA: South Dakota Herpetological Review 24 (4): 156 Collins J T 1997. Standard Common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles, 2nd edition. Herpetological Circular 25: 1-40 Collins, J.T. & Collins, S.L. 2009. A pocket guide to Kansas snakes, 2nd ed. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, 69 pp. Collins, J.T. & Collins, S.L. 2010. A pocket guide to Kansas snakes, 3rd ed. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, 69 pp. Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p. Dekay 1842. Fauna, New York, Rept. Devitt, Tom; Crother, Brian I.; Meier, Armin; Burbrink, Frank; Boundy, Jeff. 2007. Pituophis catenifer (Bullsnake). Maximum Length. Herpetological Review 38 (2): 209-210 Dixon, James R. 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas, second edition. Texas A&M University Press, 421 pp. Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here Duméril, A.M.C., G. BIBRON & A.H.A. DUMÉRIL 1854. Erpétologie générale ou Histoire Naturelle complète des Reptiles. Vol. 7 (partie 1). Paris, xvi + 780 S. - get paper here Ferguson, Denzel E.;Payne, K. Ellsworth;Storm, Robert M. 1956. The geographic distribution of the subspecies of Pituophis catenifer Blainville in Oregon Copeia 1956 (4): 255-257 - get paper here Ferguson, Denzel E.;Payne, K. Ellsworth;Storm, Robert M. 1958. Notes on the herpetology of Baker County, Oregon Great Basin Naturalist 18 (2): 63-65 - get paper here Fitch, H. S. 1936. Amphibians and reptiles of the Rouge River Basin, Oregon American Midland Naturalist 17: 634-652 - get paper here FLESCH, AARON D.; DON E. SWANN, DALE S. TURNER, AND BRIAN F. POWELL 2010. HERPETOFAUNA OF THE RINCON MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA. Southwestern Naturalist 55(2):240–253 - get paper here Grismer, L. Lee 1997. The distribution of Pituophis melanoleucus and P. vertebralis in northern Baja California, Mexico. Herpetological Review 28 (2): 68-70 Grismer, L. Lee;Mahrdt, Clark R. 1996. Geographic Distribution. Pituophis melanoleucus annectens Herpetological Review 27 (1): 35 Hallowell,E. 1852. Descriptions of new species of reptiles inhabiting North America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 6: 177-182 - get paper here Hirschkorn, D. 1986. Erfahrungen bei der Pflege und Zucht der selten gehaltenen Bullennatter Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer. Herpetofauna 8 (43): 13-16 - get paper here Hirschkorn, D. & Skubowius, B. 2011. Bullennattern, Gophernattern, Kiefernnattern - Die Gattung Pituophis. Natur und Tier-Verlag (NTV), Münster, 176 pp. [review in Reptilia 16 (91): 85] - get paper here Holbrook, John E. 1842. North American Herpetology; or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol I (2nd ed.). J. Dobson, Philadelphia, 152 pp. - get paper here Iverson, John B.; Cameron A. Young, Thomas S. B. Akre, and Christopher M. Griffiths 2012. Reproduction by Female Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in the Nebraska Sandhills The Southwestern Naturalist Mar 2012, Vol. 57, No. 1: 58-73. - get paper here Kapfer, Joshua M., James R. Coggins and Robert Hay. 2008. Spatial Ecology and Habitat Selection of Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) at the Northern Periphery of Their Geographic Range. Copeia 2008 (4): 815-826 - get paper here Klauber, Laurence M. 1946. The gopher snakes of Baja California, with descriptions of new subspecies of Pituophis catenifer Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 11 (1): 1-40 + 2 plates - get paper here Klauber, Laurence M. 1946. A new gopher snake (Pituophis) from Santa Cruz Island, California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 11 (2): 41-48 - get paper here Knox, Andrew and Kate Jackson 2010. Ecological and phylogenetic influences on maxillary dentition in snakes. Phyllomedusa 9 (2): 121-131 - get paper here Kornacker, P.M. & U. Dederichs 2009. Der Big-Bend-Nationalpark und seine Reptilien. Teil 2: Schlangen. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (1): 51-57 - get paper here LeClere, Jeffrey B.; Erica P. Hoaglund, Jim Scharosch, Christopher E. Smith, and Tony Gamble 2012. Two Naturally Occurring Intergeneric Hybrid Snakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi × Pantherophis vulpinus; Lampropeltini, Squamata) from the Midwestern United States Journal of Herpetology 46 (2): 257-262. - get paper here Liner,E.A. 1994. Scientific and common names for the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico in English and Spanish. Herpetol. Circ. No. 23: 1-113, SSAR Love, B. 2011. Sweet (New) Home Arizona Reptilia (Münster) 16 (90): 14-15 - get paper here Mattison, Chris 2007. The New Encyclopedia of Snakes. Princeton University Press Mittleman, M. B. 1942. Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger in Arizona Proc. New England zool. Club 21: 43-45 Moriarty, john J. 1998. Geographic distribution. Pituophis catenifer sayi Herpetological Review 29 (3): 178 Moriarty, John J. 1998. Geographic Distribution. Pituophis catenifer sayi Herpetological Review 29 (2): 115 Parker, William S.;Brown, William S. 1973. Species composition and population changes in two complexes of snake hibernacula in northern Utah [coluber constrictor mormon masticophis taeniatus crotalus viridis lutosus] Herpetologica 29 (4): 319-326 - get paper here Platt, S.G. et al. 2006. A herpetofaunal survey of southwestern South Dakota with an emphasis on species of conservation concern. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 20: 10-19 - get paper here Pyron, R.Alexander; Frank T. Burbrink 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52 (2): 524-529 - get paper here Rochester, Carlton J.; Cheryl S. Brehme, Denise R. Clark, Drew C. Stokes, Stacie A. Hathaway, and Ro 2010. Reptile and Amphibian Responses to Large-Scale Wildfires in Southern California Journal of Herpetology 44 (3): 333–351 - get paper here Rodríguez-Robles,J.A. & De Jesús-Escobar,J.M. 2000. Molecular Systematics of New World Gopher, Bull, and Pinesnakes (Pituophis: Colubridae), a transcontinental Species Complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14 (1): 35-50 - get paper here Saviola, Anthony J.; Valerie J. McKenzie, David Chiszar 2012. Chemosensory responses to chemical and visual stimuli in five species of colubrid snakes Acta Herpetologica 7 (1): 91-103 - get paper here Skubowius, Bernd 2012. Auf Schlangensuche in Arizona Draco 13 (50): 62-69 - get paper here Smith, Hobart M.;Thompson, Dorian 1993. Four reptiles newly recorded from Ouray County, Colorado Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 28 (4): 78-79 Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston Stejneger,L.H. 1893. Annotated list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by the Death Valley Expedition in 1891, with descriptions of new species. North American Fauna, No. 7: 159-228 (+ 14 plates + 4 maps) - get paper here Stull, Olive Griffith 1940. Variations and relationships in the snakes of the genus Pituophis. Bull. US Natl. Mus. (175): 1-225 - get paper here Stull, Olive Griffth 1932. An annotated list of the forms of the genus Pituophis Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (250): 1-5 Taylor, Edward H. 1952. Third contribution of the herpetology of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 34 (13): 793-815 - get paper here Taylor, Edward Harrison 1938. Notes on the herpetological fauna of the Mexican state of Sonora. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 24 (19): 475-503 [1936] - get paper here Vázquez Díaz, Joel;Quintero Díaz, Gustavo E. 2005. Anfibios y Reptiles de Aguascalientes [2nd ed.]. CONABIO, CIEMA, 318 pp. Wilgers, D.J.; Horne, E.A.; Sandercock, B.K. & Volkmann, A.W. 2006. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the Tall-grass Prairie [Flint Hills, Kansas/Oklahoma]. Herpetologica 62 (4): 378-388 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List - Pituophis catenifer - Least Concern, LC http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/txherps/snakes/ http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?special=browse&where-lifeform=Reptile&where-taxon=Pituophis+catenifer map: http://www.pinesnake.de/karte/verbreitungskarte_catenife.html Google images Profile of Pituophis catenifer on Reptarium

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