| Distribution | SW Canada,
USA (Washington, Oregon, Montana, Wyoming, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, SW North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Arkansas, Louisiana, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, New Jersey),
Mexico
melanoleucus: S North Carolina west through South Carolina to northern Georgia, E Tennessee, SE Kentucky, south into Alabama. Disjunct populations in S New Jersey, WC Virginia, adjacent West Virginia, C Kentucky, SW Tennessee. Intergrades with mugitus in South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.
mugitus: S South Carolina to Georgia and S Florida.
lodingi: SW Alabama to E Louisiana, Florida.
sayi: W Indiana and Wisconsin to S Alberta, south to Texas and NE Mexico; isolated records from NE Texas.
Map legend:
 - Region according to the TDWG standard, not a precise distribution map.
NOTE: TDWG regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and this does not always work properly. We are working on it.
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| References |
- Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, xvi + 172 pp.
- Baird,S.F. and Girard,C. 1852. Characteristics of some new reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 6: 68-70 - get paper here
- Baird,S.F. and Girard,C. 1852. Reptiles. in: Stansbury’s Exploration and survey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, 1852, including a Reconnoissance of a new Route through the Rocky Mountains. pp. 336-365
- Barbour, Thomas 1940. Pine snakes, black and brown. Copeia 1940 (3): 205 - get paper here
- Barbour,R. 1921. The Florida Pine snake. Proc. New England Zool. Club 7: 117-118 - get paper here
- Baxley, Danna; Gregory J Lipps, and Carl P Qualls 2011. Multiscale Habitat Selection by Black Pine Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi) in Southern Mississippi. Herpetologica 67 (2): 154-166. - get paper here
- Blackburn, D.G. 1994. Standardized criteria for the recognition of embryonic nutritional patterns in squamate reptiles. Copeia 1994 (4): 925-935 - get paper here
- Blanchard, F.N. 1924. A name for the Black Pituophis from Alabama. Papers Michigan Acad.Sci, Arts Letters 4: 531-532
- Bogosian, Victor; Eric C. Hellgren, and Raymond W. Moody 2012. Assemblages of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals on an Urban Military Base in Oklahoma. The Southwestern Naturalist 57 (3): 277-284. - get paper here
- Boulenger, George A. 1894. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, xi, 382 pp. - get paper here
- Boundy, Jeff; Frank T. Burbrink, Jonathan A. Campbell, Brian I. Crother, Kevin de Queiroz, Darrel R. 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. SSAR, 101 pp.
- Burger, Joanna and Robert T. Zappalorti 2011. THE NORTHERN PINE SNAKE (PITUOPHIS MELANOLEUCUS): ITS LIFE HISTORY, BEHAVIOR AND CONSERVATION. Nova Science Publishers, NY, 92 pp.
- Burger, Joanna, Robert T. Zappalorti and Michael Gochfeld. 2000. Defensive behaviors of Pine Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus ) and Black Racers (Coluber constrictor) to disturbance during hibernation. Herpetological Natural History 7(1):59-66
- Burger, Joanna; Robert T. Zappalorti, Michael Gochfeld, Emile DeVito, David Schneider, Matt McCort, 2012. Long-Term Use of Hibernacula by Northern Pinesnakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) Journal of Herpetology 46 (4): 596-601. - get paper here
- Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
- Daudin, F. M. 1803. Histoire Naturelle Generale et Particuliere des Reptiles. Vol. 6. F. Dufart, Paris.
- Degenhardt, William G.; C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press, 431 pp.
- Dekay 1842. Fauna, New York, Rept.
- Elmberg, J. 1980. Herpetological observations 77-78 [in Vernon county, Wisconsin]. Fältbiologerna Umea.
- Enge, Kevin M. 2009. Venomous and non-venomous snakes of Florida. Publication of the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission. 16 pp.
- Green, N.B., & Pauley, T.K. 1987. Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 241 pp.
- Grogan, W. L. and C. M. Heckscher. 2001. Are northern pine snakes, Pituophis m. melanoleucus, indigenous to Delaware? The Maryland Naturalist 44:20-36.
- Hirschkorn, D. & Skubowius, B. 2011. Bullennattern, Gophernattern, Kiefernnattern - Die Gattung Pituophis. Natur und Tier-Verlag (NTV), Münster, 176 pp. [review in Reptilia 16 (91): 85] - get paper here
- Irwin, Kelly J. 2004. Arkansas Snake Guide. Arkansas Game & Fish Commission, Little Rock, 50 pp.
- Klauber, L. M. 1947. Classification and ranges of the gopher snakes of the genus Pituophis in the United States Bulletins of the Zoological Society of San Diego (22): 7-81
- Klauber, Laurence M. 1946. The gopher snakes of Baja California, with descriptions of new subspecies of Pituophis catenifer Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 11 (1): 1-40 + 2 plates - get paper here
- Knight, James L. 1986. Variation in snout morphology in the North American snake Pituophis melanoleucus (Serpentes: Colubridae) Journal of Herpetology 20 (1): 77-79 - get paper here
- Leonard, William P.;Phenix, Erik 1994. Pituophis melanoleucus (gopher snake). USA: Washington Herpetological Review 25 (4): 168
- Liner,E.A. 1994. Scientific and common names for the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico in English and Spanish. Herpetol. Circ. No. 23: 1-113, SSAR
- Lönnberg, Einar 1894. Notes on reptiles and batrachians collected in Florida in 1892 and 1893 Proc. US Natl. Mus. 17 (1003): 317-339 - get paper here
- McKeown, Sean;Morgan, Mary 1996. Two size records for California snakes Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 31 (12): 217-218
- Miller, Gabriel J.; Lora L. Smith, Steve A. Johnson, and Richard Franz 2012. Home Range Size and Habitat Selection in the Florida Pine Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus) Copeia Dec 2012, Vol. 2012, No. 4: 706-713. - get paper here
- Mitchell, J. C. & Reay, K.K. 1999. Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Virginia. Specialty Publication 1, VA Dept of Game and Fisheries, 122 pp. - get paper here
- Mitchell, J.C. 1994. The reptiles of Virginia. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, ca. 350 pp.
- Palmer, W.M. & Braswell, A.L. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. Univ. North Carolina Press
- Pyron, R.Alexander; Frank T. Burbrink 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52 (2): 524-529 - get paper here
- Reynolds, R.P. & Scott Jr., N.J. 1982. Use of a Mammalian Resource by a Chihuahuan Snake Community. In: Scott, N.J. (ed.) Herpetological communities [an SSAR symposium]. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildl. Res. Rep. 13: 99-118
- Rodríguez-Robles,J.A. & De Jesús-Escobar,J.M. 2000. Molecular Systematics of New World Gopher, Bull, and Pinesnakes (Pituophis: Colubridae), a transcontinental Species Complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14 (1): 35-50 - get paper here
- Savage, Jay M. 1948. The pine snake in Kentucky. Copeia 1948 (4): 302 - get paper here
- Schäberle, W. 2012. Die Historie der Indigonatter in der Terraristik. Ophidia 6 (2): 25-29
- Sclater, W. L. 1891. List of snakes in the Indian Museum. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 79 pp.
- Skubowius, B. 2009. Die Florida-Kiefernnatter, Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus BARBOUR, 1921 - bisher noch ein seltener Terrarienpflegling. Draco 10 (37): 64-71 - get paper here
- Skubowius, B. 2010. New Jersey – Mit „Fieldherpern“ und „Pineys“ auf der Suche nach der Nördlichen Kiefernnatter (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus). Reptilia (Münster) 15 (84): 52-60 - get paper here
- Skubowius, Bernd 2008. Auf den Spuren von Carl Kauffeld durch New Jersey – nicht nur der Kiefernattern, Pituophis m. melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) wegen. Ophidia 2 (1) - get paper here
- Smith, Hobart M.;Thompson, Dorian 1993. Four reptiles newly recorded from Ouray County, Colorado Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 28 (4): 78-79
- Smith,H.M. & Smith,R.B. 1976. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Vol. III. Source analysis and index for Mexican reptiles. John Johnson, North Bennington, Vermont.
- Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
- Stull, Olive Griffith 1940. Variations and relationships in the snakes of the genus Pituophis. Bull. US Natl. Mus. (175): 1-225 - get paper here
- Stull, Olive Griffth 1932. An annotated list of the forms of the genus Pituophis Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (250): 1-5
- Sweet, S S; Parker, W S 1990. Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin). Pine, bull, and gopher snakes. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles No. 474: 1-8 - get paper here
- Tanner, Vasco M.;Hayward, C. Lynn 1934. A biological study of the La Sal Mountains, Utah report No. 1 (Ecology) Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 11: 209-235
- Werning, H. 2009. Florida - ein kleiner herpetologischer Reiseführer. Draco 10 (37): 4-23 - get paper here
- Wood, Kristin N. 1998. Geographic distribution. Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Herpetological Review 29 (4): 249
- Woodbury, Angus M.;Hansen, Richard M. 1950. A snake den in Tintic Mountains, Utah Herpetologica 6: 66-70 - get paper here
- Woodbury, Angus Munn 1928. The reptiles of Zion National Park. Copeia 1928 (166): 14-21 - get paper here
- Wright, Johnathan 1996. Variations within populations of the bullsnake Reptile & Amphibian Magazine 1996 (Sept./Oct.): 16-22
- Zappalorti, R.T. 2012. Into the barrens. HerpNation 2.5 (8): 26-38 - get paper here
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