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Psammophis schokari (FORSKÅL, 1775)

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Higher TaxaPsammophiidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Schokari Sand Racer, Forskal Sand Snake
G: Sandrennatter 
SynonymColuber schokari FORSKAL 1775: 14
Coluber lacrymans REUSS 1834: 139
Psammophis moniliger — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 891
Psammophis punctatus DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 896
Psammophis sibilans var. hierosolimitana JAN 1863
Psammophis sindanus STOLICZKA 1872 (fide SMITH 1943)
Psammophis moniliger sp. var. hierosolymitana — BOETTGER 1879: 65
Psammophis sibilans var. punctata — BOETTGER 1885
Psammophis schokari BOULENGER 1896: 157
Psamophis schokari [sic] — SCHMIDT 1939
Psammophis sibilans schokari — LOVERIDGE 1940: 24
Psammophis schokari — SMITH 1943: 363
Psammophis schokari — HAAS 1957: 81
Psammophis schokari — LEVITON 1959: 457
Psammophis schokari schokari — GASPERETTI 1988: 265
Psammophis schokari — FRYNTA et al. 1997
Psammophis schokari — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 515
Psammophis schokari — SCHMIDT & KUNZ 2005
Psammophis schokari — WALLACH et al. 2014: 579
Psammophis schokari — BAR et al. 2021 
DistributionNW India (Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir), Afghanistan (LEVITON 1959: 461), Pakistan, S Turkmenistan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar

Western Sahara ?, Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sinai, Israel, Mali, Niger ?, Mauritania, Nigeria, Sudan (Jumhūriyyat), Republic of South Sudan (RSS), Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Saudi Arabia (incl. Farasan Islands), Oman, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran (Kavir desert), Yemen

Type locality: Yemen; neotype locality: Hodeida, Yemen

hierosolimitana: Type locality: “Jérusalem” [Israel]  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesNeotype: FMNH 66153, designated by Marx 1988 who apparently was not aware of a syntype in MCZ R-1974.
Holotype: ZSM 2122/0, adult [hierosolimitana] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1718 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSubspecies: Psammophis schokari aegyptius has been elevated to species status.

Synonymy: Loveridge 1940: 22

Distribution: not in Benin (pers. comm., L. Chirio, 23 Aug 2013). Not in Niger fide Trape & Mané 2015. See map in Burriel-Carranza et al. 2019 for map in UAE. For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013 and Bar et al. 2021. In Qatar fide Wikipedia.

Variation: Psammophis schokari (Colubridae) occurs in Israel and Sinai, Egypt, in three pholidotically indistinguishable morphs: (1) striped, with four dark longitudinal stripes; (2) non-striped, plain or lightly dotted; and (3) rear-striped, dark stripes on the posterior part merge anteriorly (this pattern is first described by KARK et al. 1997).

Habitat: partly arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018). 
EtymologyCorkill & Cochrane 1966 derive the name schokari from the Arabic 'shigari', which would mean 'from the trees'. However, some sources (such as Wikipedia) call it “Schokar's bronzeback”, indicating an eponym of unknown source. 
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