Rafetus swinhoei (GRAY, 1873)

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Higher Taxa	Trionychidae (Trionychinae), Trionychoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Shanghai Softshell Turtle, Swinhoe’s Soft-shelled Turtle Chinese: 斑鳖
Synonym	Oscaria swinhoei GRAY 1873 Trionyx swinhonis — BOULENGER 1889 Rafetus swinhoei — MEYLAN & WEBB 1988 Trionyx swinhoei — ALDERTON 1988 Yuen maculatus HEUDE Pelochelys taihuensis ZANG Rafetus swinhoei — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 101 Rafetus swinhoe — RUDOLPHI & WESER 1998 Rafetus leloii HÀ DÌNH DÚC 2000 Rafetus swinhoei — FARKAS & WEBB 2003 Oscaria (Rafetus) swinhoei — BONIN et al 2006 Rafetus vietnamensis LE et al. 2010 Rafetus swinhoei — TTWG 2021 Rafetus swinhoei — TTWG 2025
Distribution	S China (Yunnan), Vietnam Type locality: Shanghai, People's Republic of China. vietnamensis: N Vietnam (Hoan Kiem Lake); Type locality: not explicitly given.
Reproduction	oviparous.
Types	Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.9 (formerly 73.7.30.125) and its skull, numbered separately as BMNH 1947.3.6.13. Holotype: HK1 (”Hung Ky specimen”, Ngoc Son Temple and Hoa Binh Museum) [vietnamensis]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis (vietnamensis): “The giant fresh water soft-shelled turtle differs significantly from all the described genera in its body size, living conditions, appearance, skull morphology and DNA sequence. The diagnosis focused on identification of the species by using the specific characteristics of the wide and blunt appearance of the skull with a blunt curved maxillary arch, the giant size of the body, its habitat and especially the DNA sequence comparisons” [from LE TRAN BINH et al. 2010].
Comment	Previously considered as a synonym of Pelodiscus (=Trionyx) sinensis. Conservation: This is one of the most endangered turtle species according to a 2003 assessment by the IUCN. Only a few living specimens have survived (Liu et al. 2019). Synonymy: The description of Rafetus vietnamensis is very vague (see diagnosis). Rhodin et al (2010) provisionally synonymized vietnamensis with swinhoei and Farkas et al. (2011) do so formally. Habitat: freshwater (rivers and tributaries) Abundance: Rare. This is one of the species called 'lost' and 'rediscovered' by Lindken et al. 2024. Distribution: see map in TTWG 2025.
Etymology	Named after Robert Swinhoe FRS (1836 – 1877), English diplomat and naturalist.
References	Anonymous 2016. Testudinate China [in both English and Chinese] Testudinate Industry Branch of the China Fishery Association, published on occasion of WCH8; author not explicitly stated, 54 pp. Bettelheim, Matthew P. 2012. Swinhoe's Softshell Turtle (Rafetus swinhoei): The legendary Sword Lake Turtle of Hoan Kiem Lake. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 10 (1): 4-20 - get paper here Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp. Boulenger, G.A. 1889. Catalogue of the chelonians, rhynchocephalians, and crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum, London, 311 pp. - get paper here Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here Dau V, Hoang T, Nguyen T, Pham A 2024. New records and an updated list of reptiles from Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e134976 - get paper here Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London Farkas B, Fritz U 1998. On the identity of Rafetus swinhoei (GRAY 1873) and Pelochelys maculatus (HEUDE 1880) (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae). Zool. Abh. Staatl. Tierk. Dresden 50 (1): 50 (1): 59-75 - get paper here Farkas, B. & Webb, R.G. 2003. Rafetus leloii HÀ DÌNH DÚC 2000, an invalid species of softshell turtle from Hoan Kiem Lake, Hanoi, Vietnam (Reptilia, Testudines, Trionychidae). Zool. Abh. (Dresden) 53: 107-112 Farkas, B. L. 1992. Wiederentdeckung eines Exemplars von Rafetus swinhoei (GRAY, 1873) im Naturhistorischen Museum Wien. Salamandra 28 (2): 145-152 - get paper here Farkas, Balázs; Minh Duc Le, and Truong Quang Nguyen 2011. Rafetus vietnamensis Le, Le, Tran, Phan, Phan, Tran, Pham, Nguyen, Nong, Phan, Dinh, Truong and Ha, 2010 – another invalid name for an invalid species of softshell turtle (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae). Russ. J. Herpetol. 18 (1): 65 – 72 - get paper here Gray,J.E. 1873. Notes on Chinese mud-tortoises (Trionychidae), with the description of a new species sent to the British Museum by Mr. Swinhoe, and observations on the male organ of this family. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12: 156-161 - get paper here Jian, Wang; Shi Hai-Tao, Wen Cheng, and Han Lian-Xian 2013. Habitat Selection and Conservation Suggestions for the Yangtze Giant Softshell Turtle (Rafetus swinhoei) in the Upper Red River, China. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Jul 2013, Vol. 12, No. 1: 177-184. - get paper here Kuchling, Gerald, Dingqi Rao and Shunqing Lu. 2013. In search of China's last Giant Softshell Turtles (Rafetus swinhoei). Turtle Survival Alliance 2013: 44 Kuchling, Gerald, Lu Shunqing and Rao Dingqi. 2014. Challenges for Rafetus in China continue to mount. Turtle Survival 2014: 50 - get paper here Le Duc, Olivier;<br />Pham, Thong Van;<br />Zuklin, Tomas;<br />Bordes, Cédric;<br />Leprince, Benjamin;<br />Ducotterd, Charlotte 2020. A new locality of presence for the world’s rarest turtle (Rafetus swinhoei) gives new hope for its survival. J. Nat. Conserv. 55: 125833 - get paper here Le Tran; Le Quang Huan, Tran My Linh, Phan Trong Hoang, Phan Minh Tuan, Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Pham Thu Thuy, Nguyen Dang Ton, Nong Van Hai, Phan Van Chi, Dinh Duy Khang, Truong Nam Hai, Ha Dinh Duc 2010. COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL AND DNA ANALYSIS OF SPECIMENS OF GIANT FRESHWATER SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE IN VIETNAM RELATED TO HOAN KIEM TURTLE. Tạp chí Công nghệ Sinh học 8(3A): 949-954 Li, H., Liu, J., Xiong, L., Zhang, H., Zhou, H., Yin, H., Jing, W., Li, J., Shi, Q., Wang, Y., Liu, J. and Nie, L. 2017. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes. J. Evol. Biol., doi:10.1111/jeb.13070 - get paper here Lindken T.; Anderson, C. V., Ariano-Sánchez, D., Barki, G., Biggs, C., Bowles, P., Chaitanya, R., Cronin, D. T., Jähnig, S. C., Jeschke, J. M., Kennerley, R. J., Lacher, T. E. Jr., Luedtke, J. A., Liu, C., Long, B., Mallon, D., Martin, G. M., Meiri, 2024. What factors influence the rediscovery of lost tetrapod species? Global Change Biology, 30: 1-18 - get paper here Liu, Huinian; Xin Li, Chang Zhang 2019. Invest in amphibians and reptiles. Science 364 (6446): 1144 - get paper here Meylan, P. & R.G. Webb. 1988. Rafetus swinhoei (Gray) 1873, a valid species of living soft-shelled turtle (Family Trionychidae) from China. Journal of Herpetology 22 (1): 118-119 - get paper here Nguyen, S.V., Ho, C.T. and Nguyen, T.Q. 2009. Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 768 pp. Rudolphi, Michael and Ronald Weser. 1998. Die Weichschildkröten Nordvietnams unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nackendornen-Weichschildkröte, Palea steindachneri (Siebenrock, 1906). Sauria 20 (1): 2-14. - get paper here Siebenrock, F. 1902. Zur Systematik der Schildkrötenfamilie Trionychidae Bell, nebst der Beschreibung einer neuen Cyclanorbis - Art. Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math-Naturwiss. Cl. 111: 807-846 - get paper here Stanford, C.B. et al. 2020. Turtles and Tortoises Are in Trouble. Current Biology 30: R721–R735 - get paper here TTWG [TURTLE TAXONOMY WORKING GROUP: RHODIN, A.G.J., IVERSON, J.B., FRITZ, U., GALLEGO-GARCÍA, N., GEORGES, A., SHAFFER, H.B., AND VAN DuK, P.P.]. 2025. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (10th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 10:1-575 - get paper here TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here Wang K, Lyu ZT, Wang J, Qi S, Che J 2022. Updated Checklist and Zoogeographic Division of the Reptilian Fauna of Yunnan Province, China. Biodiversity Science 30 (4): 21326, 1–31 - get paper here Wang, Kai; Jinlong Ren, Hongman Chen, Zhitong Lyu, Xianguang Guo Ke Jiang, Jinmin Chen, Jiatang Li, Peng Guo, Yingyong Wang, Jing Che 2020. The updated checklists of amphibians and reptiles of China. Biodiversity Science 28 (2): 189-218 - get paper here ZHOU, T; P-P Li. 2007. Chelonian species diversity and current status in China. (in Chinese). Sichuan Journal of Zoology 26 (2):463-467 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information Google images

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