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Rheosaurus sulcarostrum (DONNELLY, MACCULLOCH, UGARTE & KIZIRIAN, 2006)

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Higher TaxaGymnophthalmidae (Cercosaurinae), Sauria, Gymnophthalmoidea, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common Names 
SynonymEchinosaura sulcarostrum DONNELLY, MACCULLOCH, UGARTE & KIZIRIAN 2006
Rheosaurus sulcarostrum — VÁSQUEZ-RESTREPO et al. 2019
Echinosaura sulcarostrum — LINDKEN et al. 2024 
DistributionGuyana

Type locality: Guyana, Baramita, approximately 1 km S airstrip, 07°22’N, 060°29’W, elevation 100 m.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: ROM 22893 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus Rheosaurus): Phenotypic characteristics of Rheosaurus include: (1) dorsal scales heterogeneous, with large or polygonal, longitudinally keeled scales intermixed with small irregular scales; (2) dorsal surface of the head with large, symmetrical scales; (3) internasal divided; (4) frontonasals three; (5) prefrontals paired; (6) frontal single; (7) frontoparietals paired; (8) interparietal well defined; (9) parietals paired; (10) rostral and mental striated; (11) three rows of scales between rostral and frontal scales; (12) postmental absent; (13) large chin shields in three pairs; (14) lower eyelid developed, with a palpebral disc divided into several, unpigmented scales; (15) ventral scales squared, not imbricated; (16) limbs pentadactyl, digits clawed; (17) femoral pores present in males (weakly developed) and absent in females.
Rheosaurus differs from all other cercosaurines, including Echinosaura s.s. and its sister-group, in having striated rostral and mental scales and three rows of scales between rostral and frontal scales, and in lacking a postmental scale. It also differs from other cercosaurines, except Centrosaura, Echinosaura s.s., Gelanesaurus, Neusticurus and Potamites, in having heterogeneous dorsal scalation. For comparisons among related or similar genera see Figure 9 and Table 5 in VÁSQUEZ-RESTREPO et al. 2019. 
CommentThis species is not part of the Echinosaura clade fide TORRES-CARVAJAL et al. 2016 although they do not assign it to any other genus.

Abundance: only known from its original description (Meiri et al. 2017).

Type species: Echinosaura sulcarostrum DONNELLY, MACCULLOCH, UGARTE & KIZIRIAN 2006 is the type species of the genus Rheosaurus VÁSQUEZ-RESTREPO et al. 2019. 
EtymologyNamed after the Latin words sulcus, meaning furrow or groove, and rostrum, meaning snout. 
References
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • Donnelly, M.A.; MacCulloch, R.D., Ugarte, C.A. & Kizirian, D. 2006. A New Riparian Gymnophthalmid (Squamata) from Guyana. Copeia 2006 (3): 396-403 - get paper here
  • Meiri, Shai; Aaron M. Bauer, Allen Allison, Fernando Castro-Herrera, Laurent Chirio, Guarino Colli, Indraneil Das, Tiffany M. Doan, Frank Glaw, Lee L. Grismer, Marinus Hoogmoed, Fred Kraus, Matthew LeBreton, Danny Meirte, Zoltán T. Nagy, Cristiano d 2017. Extinct, obscure or imaginary: the lizard species with the smallest ranges. Diversity and Distributions - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal, Omar; Simón E. Lobos, Pablo J. Venegas, Germán Chávez, Vanessa Aguirre-Peñafiel, Daniel Zurita, Lourdes Y. Echevarría 2016. Phylogeny and biogeography of the most diverse clade of South American gymnophthalmid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae, Cercosaurinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99: 63-75, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.006
  • Vásquez-Restrepo, Juan D; Roberto Ibáñez, Santiago J Sánchez-Pacheco, Juan M Daza 2019. Phylogeny, taxonomy and distribution of the Neotropical lizard genus Echinosaura (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with the recognition of two new genera in Cercosaurinae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189 (1): 287–314 - get paper here
 
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