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Rhinoclemmys punctularia (DAUDIN, 1801)

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Higher TaxaGeoemydidae (Rhinoclemmydinae), Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
SubspeciesRhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia DAUDIN 1801
Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera PAOLILLO 1985 
Common NamesE: Spotted-legged Turtle
punctularia: Eastern Spot-legged Turtle
flammigera: Upper Orinoco Spot-legged Turtle
Portuguese: Aperema, Cágado, Jabuti-Aperema, Jurará, Muçuã, Perema 
SynonymTestudo punctularia DAUDIN 1801 : 249
Testudo verrucosa WALBAUM 1782 (nomen illegitimum)
Testudo verrucosa SUCKOW 1798
Testudo dorsata SCHOEPFF 1801 (nomen oblitum)
Emys Punctularia — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 243
Emys Punctularia — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 225
Emys punctularia — GÜNTHER 1885: 9
Nicoria punctularia BOULENGER 1889
Geoemyda punctularia WERMUTH & MERTENS 1961
Rhinoclemmys punctularia — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 182
Rhinoclemmys punctularia — BOUR 2007
Rhinoclemmys punctularia — RIVAS et al. 2012
Rhinoclemmys punctularia — TTWG 2021

Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia DAUDIN 1801
Clemmys (Rhinoclemmys) dorsata SCHOEPFF 1801
Emys dorsalis SPIX 1824
Rhinoclemys bellii GRAY 1863
Geoclemys callocephalus GRAY 1863
Rhinoclemmys callocephala — GRAY 1873: 144
Geoemyda punctularia punctularia WETTSTEIN 1934
Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia — TTWG 2014
Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia — TTWG 2021

Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera PAOLILLO 1985
Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 183
Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera — OBST 2003: 18
Rhinoclemmys flammigera — BARRIO-AMORÓS & NARBAIZA 2008
Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera — VAN DIJK et al. 2011
Rhinoclemmys flammigera — RIVAS et al. 2012
Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera — TTWG 2014
Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera — TTWG 2021 
DistributionE Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, NE Brazil (Tocantins, Pará, Amazon, Bahia, Maranhão, as far upstream as the lower reaches of the Tapajós river, Rio de Janeiro)

Type locality: "Cayenne," French Guiana.

flammigera: S Venezuela (region of confluence of the
Ventuari and Orinoco rivers). Type locality: Caño Maica, 10 km SE of Carmelitas, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela (4°4'N, 66°31'W). See maps in TTWG 2014: 390 (isolated spot on the left) and Paolillo 1985: 304.  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesHolotype: MNHN-RA 9130 (coll. Richard)
Holotype: EBRG 1467, female; paratypes: EBRG, MBUCV [flammigera] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1867 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentHybridization: Hybrids between Rhinoclemmys diademata and R. punctularia and between R. punctularia and R. melanosterna have been described by FRITZ (1995).

Subspecies: Frétey et al (1977) consider Rhinoclemmys punctularia lunata GRAY 1873 as an individual aberration of Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia. GORZULA & SEÑARIS (1998) consider flammigera either a western extreme cline, or a local aberration of Rhinoclemmys punctularia.

Type species: Clemmys (Rhinoclemmys) dorsata SCHOEPFF 1801 is the type species of the genus Rhinoclemmys FITZINGER 1836: 115.

Key: Ernst & Barbour 1989: 179 provide a key to the species of Rhinoclemmys. 
EtymologyProbably named after the punctate pattern on the head.

The genus name Rhinoclemmys is derived from the Greek words rhinos (nose, snout, beak, bill) and klemmys (tortoise, turtle). The name alludes to the protuberant snout exhibited by some individuals of the type species. 
References
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