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Sacalia quadriocellata (SIEBENROCK, 1903)

IUCN Red List - Sacalia quadriocellata - Endangered, EN
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Higher TaxaGeoemydidae (Geoemydinae), Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Four-Eyed Turtle
G: Vietnamesische Pfauenaugen-Wasserschildkröte
Chinese: 四眼斑水龟 
SynonymClemmys bealii var. quadriocellata SIEBENROCK 1903
Clemmys beali insulensis ADLER 1962: 135 (nom. nov.)
Sacalia bealei quadriocellata — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 187
Sacalia pseudocellata IVERSON & MCCORD 1992: 426 (part.)
Sacalia quadriocellata — SCHILDE 1999
Sacalia quadriocellata — HENNEN 2000
Sacalia quadriocellata — ZIEGLER 2002: 150
Sacalia quadriocellata — OBST 2003: 18
Sacalia quadriocellata insularis — ARTNER 2003: xviii (nomen invalidum)
Sacalia quadriocellata — TTWG 2014
Sacalia insulensis — LIN et al. 2018
Sacalia insulensis — WANG et al. 2021
Sacalia quadriocellata — TTWG 2021
Sacalia insulensis — BU et al. 2023 
DistributionSE China (incl. Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Fujian), Vietnam, Laos

Type locality: "Annam", Vietnam.  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesHolotype: NMW 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1549 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy: partly after TTWG 2014. Has been synonymized with S. bealii previously. TTWG 2021 considered S. insulensis as a synonym of quadriocellata based on the Le et al. 2020

Hybridization: Hybrids between Cyclemys (= Mauremys) reevesii and Sacalia quadriocellata have been reported by BUSKIRK et al. (2005). STUART & PARHAM (2007) showed that Sacalia pseudocellata is a hybrid of Sacalia quadriocellata and Cuora trifasciata.

Shi et al. (2008) performed a mitochondrial survey of S. quadriocellata based on known-locality and trade specimens. They found that populations on Hainan are genetically distinct and can also be diagnosed by morphological characters. They did not elevate these populations to species status, but LIN et al. 2018 did and applied the name Sacalia insulensis (Adler 1962) to these populations. They also noted that samples of S. quadriocellata from northern Vietnam are genetically distinct from those from Laos and the type region of central Vietnam, but there appear to be no obvious morphological differences between these populations, hence we leave them within Sacalia quadriocellata for the time being.

Habitat: freshwater (Rivers, swamps)

Distribution: possibly in Yunnan (China) but records from there are questionable (Wang et al. 2022). Not in Hainan where it is replaced by S. sinensis fide Bu et al. 2023, Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 22: 80-88). 
References
  • Adler, K.K. 1962. A new name for a Chinese turtle, genus Clemmys. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 20 (2): 135
  • Anonymous 2016. Testudinate China [in both English and Chinese] Testudinate Industry Branch of the China Fishery Association, published on occasion of WCH8; author not explicitly stated, 54 pp.
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Buskirk, J.R.; J.F. Parham & C.R. Feldman 2005. On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: Sacalia x Mauremys). Salamandra 41 (1-2): 21-26 - get paper here
  • Dalton, Rex 2003. Mock turtles. Nature 423: 219-220 - get paper here
  • Duong, Loi Duc; Chung Dac Ngo and Truong Quang Nguyen 2014. New records of turtles from Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam. Herpetology Notes 7: 737-744 - get paper here
  • Fong, J.J. & Qiao, G.X. 2010. New localities of endangered Chinese turtles from museum specimens and the practical and ethical challenges using and reporting natural history collection data. Zootaxa 2393: 59–68 - get paper here
  • Fu, Jinzhong;Zhao, Ermi 1990. The validity of Sacalia quadriocellata. Asiatic Herpetological Research 3: 120-122 - get paper here
  • Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248
  • GONG, Shi-ping, SHI, Hai-tao, WANG, Ji-chao; FU You-li 2007. Geographic Distribution of Sacalia quadriocellata on Hainan Island. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 26 (2) - get paper here
  • Hennen, U. 2000. Erhaltungszuchtstation für asiatische Schildkröten braucht noch Unterstützung. Elaphe 8 (4): 71-72
  • Irrek, F. & Pante, H. 2009. Bemerkungen zur Gelegegröße bei Sacalia bealei (GRAY, 1831) und Sacalia quadriocellata (SIEBENROCK 1903). Reptilia (Münster) 14 (75): 3-6 - get paper here
  • Iverson,J.B. & McCord,W.P. 1992. A new Chinese eyed turtle of the genus Sacalia (Batagurinae: Testudines). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 105 (3): 426-432 - get paper here
  • Lee, J. C.I.; Tsai, L.C.; Liao, S.P.; Linacre, A. & Hsieh, H.M. 2009. Species identification using the cytochrome b gene of commercial turtle shells. Forensic Science International: Genetics 3: 67–73 - get paper here
  • Lin, L.; Sun, :., Wang, W & Shi, H. 2018. Taxonomic status and nomenclature of four eye-spotted turtle from Hainan Island. Sichuan J Zool. 37 (4): 435-438
  • Liu, W.-x., J. Wang, H.-t. Shi, R.W. Murphy, M.-l. Hong, B. He, J.J. Fong, J.-c. Wang & L.-r. Fu 2009. Ethogram of Sacalia quadriocellata (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae) in Captivity Journal of Herpetology 43 (2): 318-325. - get paper here
  • Liu, Y.-x., B. He, H.-t. Shi, R.W. Murphy, J.J. Fong, J.-c. Wang, L.-r. Fu & Y.-g. Ma 2008. An analysis of courtship behaviour in the four-eyed spotted turtle, Sacalia quadriocellata (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae) Amphibia-Reptilia, 29(2): 185-195. - get paper here
  • Liu, Yu-Xiang; Shi, Hai-Tao; Wang, Jie; Murphy, Robert W.; Hong, Mei-Ling; Yun, Chong; Wang, Zhi-Wei; Wang, Yu; He, Bin; Wang, Li-Jun 2009. Activity rhythms and time budget of Sacalia quadriocellata in captivity. The Herpetological Journal 19: 163-172 - get paper here
  • Lourenço, João M.; Julien Claude, Nicolas Galtier, Ylenia Chiari 2011. Dating cryptodiran nodes: Origin and diversification of the turtle superfamily Testudinoidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (1): - get paper here
  • McCord, W.P. & Joseph-Ouni, M. 2004. Chelonian Illustrations #16: Pond, Thread, and Four-Eyed Turtles of Eastern Asia. Reptilia (GB) (36): 10-13 - get paper here
  • Nguyen, S.V., Ho, C.T. and Nguyen, T.Q. 2009. Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 768 pp.
  • Nicol, Ellen 1998. Four-eyed turtles Sacalis bealei and Sacalia quadriocellata. Reptiles 6 (3): 40-43
  • Obst, F.J. 2003. Sumpfschildkröten. Draco 4 (13): 4-18 - get paper here
  • Parham, James Ford ; W. Brian Simison; Kenneth H. Kozak; Chris R. Feldman and Haitao Shi 2001. New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens. Animal Conservation 4: 357–367 [erratum in Animal Conservation 5:86] - get paper here
  • Sachsse, W. 1975. Chinemys reevesi var. unicolor und Clemmys bealei var. quadriocellata. Ausprägungen von Sexualdimorphismus der beiden "Nominatformen". Salamandra 11: 20-26 - get paper here
  • Schilde, M. 1999. Haltung und Zucht von Sacalia bealei und Sacalia quadriocellata. Elaphe 7 (2): 2-6
  • Schilde, M. 1999. Weitere Erkenntnisse zur Nachzucht der Vieraugenschildkröte, Sacalia quadriocellata. Elaphe 7 (4): 5-8
  • Schilde, M. 2004. Asiatische Sumpfschildkröten - Die Familie Geoemydidae in Südostasien, China und Japan. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 192 pp. - get paper here
  • Shi, Haitao; Jonathan J. Fong, James F. Parham, Junfeng Pang, Jichao Wang, Meiling Hong, Ya-Ping Zhang 2008. Mitochondrial variation of the “eyed” turtles (Sacalia) based on known-locality and trade specimens. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49 (3): 1025-1029 - get paper here
  • Siebenrock, F. 1903. Schildkröten des östlichen Hinterindien. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. 112 (1): 333-353 - get paper here
  • Stuart, B.L. & Parham, J.F. 2007. Recent hybrid origin of three rare Chinese turtles. Conservation Genetics 8:169–175 - get paper here
  • Suzuki, Dai; Kengo Fuse, Mitsuhiro Aizu, Satoshi Yoshizawa, Wataru Tanaka, Kunio Araya, and Bounthob Praxaysombath 2015. Reptile Diversity in Food Markets in Laos. Current Herpetology 34 (2): 112-119 - get paper here
  • TTWG [Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G.J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Roger Bour] 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. 000.v7. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
  • Wang K, Lyu ZT, Wang J, Qi S, Che J 2022. Updated Checklist and Zoogeographic Division of the Reptilian Fauna of Yunnan Province, China. Biodiversity Science 30 (4): 21326, 1–31 - get paper here
  • Wang, C. G. M. Z. X., Jia, S. Y. K. T. L., & Hu, C. Z. J. 2022. An updated species checklist of amphibians and reptiles in Fujian Province, China. Biodiversity Science, 22090 - get paper here
  • Wang, Jichao; Yuxiang Liu, Jonathan J. Fong, James F. Parham & Haitao Shi 2021. Reproductive Ecology of the Hainan Four Eye-Spotted Turtle (Sacalia insulensis) on Hainan Island, China. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 20(1): 103-108. - get paper here
  • Wang, Kai; Jinlong Ren, Hongman Chen, Zhitong Lyu, Xianguang Guo Ke Jiang, Jinmin Chen, Jiatang Li, Peng Guo, Yingyong Wang, Jing Che 2020. The updated checklists of amphibians and reptiles of China. Biodiversity Science 28 (2): 189-218 - get paper here
  • Yu, Dongmei; Jianjun Peng; Lili Wang; Shijia Hu; Cuina Xin; Yushu Zhang 2009. Twenty polymorphic microsatellite loci developed from the four-eyed turtle (Sacalia quadriocellata). Conservation Genet Resour 1:261–263 - get paper here
  • Ziegler, T. 2002. Die Amphibien und Reptilien eines Tieflandfeuchtwald-Schutzgebietes in Vietnam. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 342 pp. - get paper here
  • Ziegler, T., RAUHAUS, A., TRAN, T.D., PHAM, C.T., VAN SCHINGEN, M., DANG, P.H., LE, M.D. & NGUYEN, T.Q. 2015. Die Amphibien- und Reptilienfauna der Me-Linh-Biodiversitätsstation in Nordvietnam. Sauria 37 (4): 11-44 - get paper here
 
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