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Siagonodon septemstriatus (SCHNEIDER, 1801)

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Higher TaxaLeptotyphlopidae, Epictinae, Epictini, Typhlopoidea, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Seven-striped Blind Snake
Portuguese: Cobra-Cega, Fura-Terra 
SynonymAnguis septem-striatus SCHNEIDER 1801: 341
Leptotyphlops tatacua BRICENO-ROSSI 1934
Typhlops senptemstriatus WAGLER 1830: 196 (lapsus)
Catodon septem-striatus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1844: 319
Stenostoma (Catodon) septemstriatum — JAN 1860
Siagonodon septemstriatus — PETERS 1881
Glauconia septemstriata — BOULENGER 1893: 71
Leptotyphlops septemstriatus — MERTENS 1925: 78
Leptotyphlops tatacua BRICENO-ROSSI 1934
Leptotyphlops septemstriata — BEEBE 1946: 13
Leptotyphlops septemlineata HOFFSTETTER & GASC 1969 (lapsus)
Leptotyphlops septemstriatus — STARACE 1998: 79
Leptotyphlops septemstriatus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 42
Leptotyphlops septemstriatus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Siagonodon septemstriatus — ADALSTEINSSON, BRANCH, TRAPE, VITT & HEDGES 2009
Siagonodon septemstriatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 666
Siagonodon septemstriatus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionN Brazil (Para, Amazonas, Roraïma), Guyana, French Guiana, SE Venezuela, Bolivia

Type locality: unknown (fide KORNACKER 1999).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: RMNH (type status and ID uncertain, fide E. Dondorp, pers. comm., 28 Jan 2019; a specimen of Typhlophis squamosus in RMNH has a hand-written note saying that it may be Typhlops septemstriatus or its type). 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Species of Siagonodon have 14 midbody scale rows, 10–14 midtail scale rows, 206–289 middorsal scale rows, 8–20 subcaudals, two supralabials, small or moderate or large anterior supralabials, 202–300 mm maximum adult total length, a body shape of 39–130 (total length/width), a relative tail length of 2.1–6.6%, a tail shape of 1.3–2.6, striped pattern, multiple dorsal colors, and white venter (Table 2). They also lack a supraocular scale. The absence of a supraocular scale distinguishes this genus from the other genus in the subtribe, Epictia (except E. nasalis). Other traits distinguishing the two genera show overlap, but species of Siagonodon tend to have fewer midtail scale rows and a white venter (Table 2). Only one species of this genus was sequenced (from ADALSTEINSSON et al. 2009). 
CommentType species: Anguis septem-striatus SCHNEIDER 1801 is the type species of the genus Siagonodon PETERS 1881.

Synonymy: Mertens (1925) placed the genus Siagonodon in the synonymy of Leptotyphlops Fitzinger (1843)

Distribution: see Martins et al. 2020: 852 (Fig. 12) for a map of all 4 Siagonodon species, the sister clade of Habrophallos. See map in Nogueira et al. 2019. 
EtymologyEtymology (genus): The generic name is masculine and derived from the Greek nouns siagon (jaw) and odon (tooth), probably in allusion to the presence of teeth only on the lower jaw. 
References
  • Adalsteinsson, S.A.; Branch, W.R.; Trapé, S.; Vitt, L.J. & Hedges, S.B. 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1-50 - get paper here
  • Bauer, A.M. & Lavilla, E.O. (eds.) 2021. J. G. Schneider’s Historiae Amphibiorum: Herpetology at the Dawn of the 19th Century. SSAR, 848 pp. - get paper here
  • Beebe, William 1946. Field notes on the snakes of Kartabo, British Guiana, and Caripito, Venezuela. Zoologica 31: 11-52 - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Serpentes do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): 1-29 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Briceno-Rossi, A.L. 1934. El problema del ofidismo en Venezuela. Bol. Min. Salubr. Agric. Cria, Venezuela, Caracas, 1: 1079-1177
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M. C. and G. Bibron. 1844. Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol.6. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 609 pp. - get paper here
  • Francisco, Bárbara C. S.; Roberta R. Pinto, and Daniel S. Fernandes 2018. Taxonomic Notes on the Genus Siagonodon Peters, 1881, with a Report on Morphological Variation in Siagonodon cupinensis (Bailey and Carvalho, 1946) (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Copeia 106 (2): 321-328 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0
  • Hoffstetter & GASC 1969. Biol. Rept., 1 (Chapt. 5): 290.
  • Hoogmoed, M.S. 1982. Snakes of the Guianan Region. Mem. Inst. Butantan 46: 219-254. - get paper here
  • Jan, G. 1860. Iconographie générale des ophidiens. 1. Livraison. J.B. Bailière et Fils, Paris - get paper here
  • Lancini,A.R. & Kornacker,P.M. 1989. Die Schlangen von Venezuela. Armitano Editores C.A., Caracas, 1-381
  • Martins A, Folly M, Ferreira GN, Garcia da Silva AS, Koch C, Fouquet A, Machado A, Lopes RT, Pinto R, Rodrigues MT, Passos P 2023. An evolutionary paradox on threadsnakes: Phenotypic and molecular evidence reveal a new and remarkably polymorphic species of Siagonodon (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) from Amazonia. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 345–366 - get paper here
  • Martins AR, Koch C, Pinto R, Folly M, Fouquet A, Passos P. 2019. From the inside out: Discovery of a new genus of threadsnakes based on anatomical and molecular data, with discussion of the leptotyphlopid hemipenial morphology. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Rersearch - get paper here
  • Martins, A., Koch, C., Joshi, M., Pinto, R., & Passos, P. 2021. Picking up the threads: Comparative osteology and associated cartilaginous elements for members of the genus Trilepida Hedges, 2011 (Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) with new insights on the Epictinae systematics. The Anatomical Record, 1– 34 - get paper here
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • Mertens, Robert 1925. Der Fundort von Leptotyphlops septemstriatus Schneider. Senckenbergiana 7 (3/4): 78-79
  • Nascimento F Paiva do; de Avila-Pires T C Sauer; da Cunha O Rodrigues 1987. Os repteis da area de Carajas, Para, Brasil (Squamata). 2. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi NOVA SERIE ZOOLOGIA 3(1) 1987: 33-65
  • Natera-Mumaw, Marco; Luis Felipe Esqueda-González & Manuel Castelaín-Fernández 2015. Atlas Serpientes de Venezuela. Santiago de Chile, Dimacofi Negocios Avanzados S.A., 456 pp. - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Peters, WILHELM C. H. 1881. Einige herpetologische Mittheilungen. 1. Uebersicht der zu den Familien der Typhlopes und Stenostomi gehörigen Gattungen oder Untergattungen. 2. Ueber eine neue Art von Tachydromus aus dem Amurlande. 3. Ueber die von Herrn Dr. finsch aus Polynesien g Sitzungs-Ber. Gesellsch.Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1881 (4): 69-72.
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Schneider, JOHANN GOTTLOB 1801. Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas. Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues. Amphisbaenas et Caecilias. Frommanni, Jena. 374 pp. - get paper here
  • Starace, Fausto 1998. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. IBIS Rouge Editions, Guadeloupe, Guyane, 450 pp.
  • Starace, Fausto 2013. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guyane, ISBN 978-2-84450-407-4 - get paper here
  • Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here
  • Wagler, Jean G. 1830. Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Säugetiere und Vögel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. 1.0. Cotta, München, Stuttgart, and Tübingen, 354 pp. [1830-1832] - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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