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Sonora palarostris KLAUBER, 1937

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesSonora palarostris organica KLAUBER 1951
Sonora palarostris palarostris (KLAUBER 1937) 
Common NamesE: Sonoran Shovelnose Snake
organica: Organ Pipe Shovelnose Snake
G: Sonora-Schaufelnasenschlange
S: Rostro de Pala de Sonora 
SynonymSonora palarostris KLAUBER 1937
Chionactis occipitalis palarostris — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 344
Chionactis palarostris — STEBBINS 1985: 214
Chionactis palarostris — LINER 1994
Chionactis palarostris — CROTHER et al. 2012
Chionactis palarostris — WALLACH et al. 2014: 160
Chionactis palarostris — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015
Sonora (Chionactis) palarostris — COX et al. 2018: 976
Chionactis palarostris — LEMOS-ESPINAL et al. 2019

Sonora palarostris organica KLAUBER, 1951: 178
Chionactis palarostris organica — CROTHER 2000: 58
Chionactis palarostris organica — CROTHER et al. 2012
Sonora palarostris organica — COX et al. 2018 
DistributionUSA (S Arizona),
Mexico (Sonora)

organica: USA (Arizona); Type locality: on the Sonoyta-Ajo road, 9 miles north of the US-Mexican border, in the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Pima Conty, Arizona.

palarostris: Mexico (Sonora)

Type locality: “5 miles south of Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico”; restricted to "six miles south of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico," by Blake 1970.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: SDNHM = SDSNH 26771.
Holotype: SDNHM = SDSNH 40673 [organica] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Sonora palarostris can be distinguished from all other Sonora, except S. occipitalis and S. palarostris, by the presence of a flattened, spadelike rostrum. Whereas both S. occipitalis and S. annulata, have more than 23 crossbands, S. palarostris has fewer than 23 crossbands (Cox et al. 2018: 976).


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CommentSubspecies: Cox et al. 2018 are a bit ambiguous of whether thes subspecies are still recognized. They list organica as a synonym but then say that there are two recognized subspecies.

Distribution: see map in Mahrdt et al. 2001. 
EtymologyThe name palarostris is derived from the Latin pala meaning "shovel or spade" and the Latin rostrum meaning "snout or beak," in reference to the shovel-shaped morphology of the snout.

The subspecies organica is a toponym in reference to the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, where the holotype and 14 paratypes were collected. 
References
  • Cox, Christian L.; Alison R. Davis Rabosky, Iris A. Holmes, Jacobo Reyes-Velasco, Corey E. Roelke, Eric N. Smith, Oscar Flores-Villela, Jimmy A. McGuire & Jonathan A. Campbell 2018. Synopsis and taxonomic revision of three genera in the snake tribe Sonorini. Journal of Natural History 52: 945-988 - get paper here
  • Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92
  • Heimes, P. 2016. Snakes of Mexico. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 572 pp
  • Klauber, Laurence M. 1937. A new snake of the genus Sonora from Mexico. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 8 (27): 363-366 - get paper here
  • Klauber, Laurence M. 1951. The shovel-nosed snake, Chionactis with descriptions of two new subspecies. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 11 (9): 141-204 - get paper here
  • Kunz, Kriton 2015. Schlangen, die Wirbellose fressen. Terraria-Elaphe 2015 (5): 14-20 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Rorabaugh JC 2019. A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sonora, Mexico, with updated species lists. ZooKeys 829: 131-160 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. (ed.) 2015. Amphibians and Reptiles of the US - Mexico Border States / Anfibios y Reptiles de los Estados de la Frontera México - Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. x + 614 pp.; ISBN 978-1-62349-306-6. - get paper here
  • Mahrdt, Clark R., Kent R. Beaman, Philip C. Rosen and Peter A. Holm 2001. Chionactis Cope Shovel-nosed Snakes. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (730): 1-6 - get paper here
  • Mahrdt, Clark R., Kent R. Beaman, Philip C. Rosen and Peter A. Holm 2001. Chionactis palarostris (Klauber) Sonoran Shovel-nosed Snake. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (732): 1-5 - get paper here
  • Nevárez-de los Reyes; Manuel, David Lazcano, Javier Banda-Leal and Ian Recchio 2014. Notes on Mexican Herpetofauna 22: Herpetofauna of the Continental Portion of the Municipality of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 49(8):105-115 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Pregill, Gregory K.;Berrian, James E. 1984. Type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the San Diego Natural History Museum. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 20 (10): 151-164 - get paper here
  • Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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