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Spalerosophis diadema (SCHLEGEL, 1837)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesSpalerosophis diadema cliffordii (SCHLEGEL 1837)
Spalerosophis diadema diadema (SCHLEGEL 1837)
Spalerosophis diadema schirazianus (JAN 1863) 
Common NamesE: Diadem Snake, Royal Snake
G: Pakistanische Diademnatter 
SynonymColuber diadema SCHLEGEL 1837: 146
Coluber cliffordii SCHLEGEL 1837
Zamenis cliffordii GÜNTHER 1858
Zamenis cliffordii — GÜNTHER 1859: 226
Zamenis diadema — ANDERSON 1871: 174
Zamenis diadema — BOULENGER 1887: 408
Zamenis diadema — BOULENGER 1893: 411
Zamenis diadema — WALL 1911
Spalerosophis diadema — SCHMIDT 1930: 227
Spalerosophis cliffordii — OVADIA 1985
Spalerosophis diadema — DAS 1996: 59
Spalerosophis diadema — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 520
Spalerosophis diadema — BAIG et al. 2007
Spalerosophis diadema — WALLACH et al. 2014: 683
Spaleorosophis diadema — RÖSLER & WRANIK 2017 (in error)
Sphalerosophis diadema diadema — MANZOOR et al. 2019 (in error)

Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii (SCHLEGEL 1837
Coluber guttatus FORSKAL 1775 [non C. guttatus LINNAEUS 1766]: 14
Coluber cahirinus GMELIN 1789: 1115 (nomen novum, nom. oblit.)
Coluber geoffroyii GRAY 1831
Coluber cliffordi SCHLEGEL 1837 (nomen protectum fide SCHÄTTI et al. 2009
Periops parallelus DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 678
Zamenis cliffordi — BLANFORD 1881: 679
Zamenis (Periops) versicolor — BOETTGER 1885: 458
Zamenis cliffordi — MOJSISOVICS 1889
Spalerosophis cliffordii — SCHMIDT 1939
Spalerosophis cliffordii — SCHMIDT & MARX 1956: 32
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SCHNURRENBERGER 1963
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — KRAMER & SCHNURRENBERGER 1963
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — WERNER & FRANKENBERG 1982
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordi — MEHRTENS 1987: 205
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — OSMAN & SIR 1988
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — GASPERETTI 1988: 276
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — LEVITON et al. 1992: 105
Spalerosophis cliffordii — SHINE 1994
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SCHÄTTI & GASPERETTI 1994
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — VAN DER KOOIJ 2001
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SCHLÜTER 2005
Spalerosophis cliffordii —TRAPE & MANÉ 2006: 160
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SINDACO et al. 2006
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — IBRAHIM 2013
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — GARDNER 2013
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SINDACO et al. 2014
Spalerosophis cliffordii — WALLACH et al. 2014: 682
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — ALSHAMMARI et al. 2017
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — YADOLLAHVANDMIANDOAB et al. 2022
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SCHOLZ et al. 2023

Spalerosophis diadema schirazianus (JAN 1863
Periops parallellus var. schiraziana JAN in FILIPPI 1865: 356
Spalerosophis schirazianus — SCHMIDT 1939
Spalerosophis diadema schirazanus — MINTON 1966
Spalerosophis diadema schirazanus — ANDERSON & LEVITON 1969
Spalerosophis diadema schirazanus — NILSON & ANDREN 1981: 141
Spalerosophis diadema schirazanus — LEVITON et al. 1992: 105
Spalerosophis diadema schirazana — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996
Spalerosophis schirazianus — KHAN 2002
Spalerosophis diadema schirasianus — SCHÄTTI et al. 2010
Spalerosophis diadema schirazana — DAVLETBAKOV et al. 2016
Spalerosophis schirazianus — SAVAGE & MCDIARMID 2017: 64
Spalerosophis schirasianus — YADOLLAHVANDMIANDOAB et al. 2022 
DistributionIraq, Iran, Afghanistan, W Pakistan, N India (Rajasthan, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Kashmir),
U.S.S.R., S Turkmenistan, S Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Western Sahara ?, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, N Sudan (Jumhūriyyat), SE Turkey, Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar

cliffordii: from Morocco to Libya, Egypt; Western Sahara, Mauritania, Algeria, Niger (fide TRAPE & MANÉ 2006), Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Iran, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen; Type locality: Tripoli, Libya.

schirazianus: W Iran (Zagros Mts. and the region of Bushire), S Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, India; Pakistan; Type locality: Shiraz, Iran

diadema: Pakistan, India; Type locality: near Bombay, India fide MARX 1959. According to WALL 1914 and MERTENS 1940 the type locality is actually northern part of the Persian gulf (“from Buchier”).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: iconotype, illustrated by P. Russell 1801: 34 (pl. 30, designated by Wallach et al. 2014: 683
Lectotype: RMNH 467A (”whereabouts unknown, fide SCHÄTTI 2010); paralectotypes: RMNH RENA.467, RMNH RENA.467.a, RMNH RENA.467.b; original types lost (SCHÄTTI 2010) [cliffordi]
Syntypes: MSNM, MSNG (Milano) [schirazianus] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2413 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSchlegel’s description was based on a plate in Russell, Ind. Serp. (1801) ii: 34. Spalerosophis diadema dolichospila, and atriceps have been elevated to species status. KHAN (pers. comm.) considers schiraziana and atriceps as full species; in this case S. diadema does not occur in Pakistan (but schiraziana and atriceps do). However, BAIG et al. (2007) synonymized Spalerosophis diadema schiraziana (JAN 1865) with S. diadema.

Distribution: S. d. atriceps occurs in Gujarat but S. diadema (without atriceps) does not. See map in Burriel-Carranza et al. 2019 for map in UAE. For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013, Yadollahvandmiandoab at al. 2022: Fig. 3, 2023: Fig. 1. See Bar et al. 2021 for a map. In Qatar fide Wikipedia. 
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