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Thamnophis validus (KENNICOTT, 1860)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesThamnophis validus celaeno (COPE 1861)
Thamnophis validus isabellae (CONANT 1953)
Thamnophis validus thamnophisoides (CONANT 1961)
Thamnophis validus validus (KENNICOTT 1860) 
Common NamesE: West Coast Garter Snake
G: Mexikanische Westküsten-Strumpfbandnatter
S: Jarretera Mexicana del Pacifico 
SynonymRegina valida KENNICOTT 1860: 334
Tropidonotus tephropleura COPE 1860
Tropidonotus quadriserialis FISCHER 1879 (fide SMITH 1976)
Tropidonotus validus — BOULENGER 1893: 237
Natrix valida — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 152
Natrix valida — COPE 1900: 984
Natrix valida — TAYLOR 1939
Natrix valida — CONANT 1946
Natrix valida valida — FUGLER & DIXON 1961
Natrix valida valida — HARDY 1969: 186
Natrix valida— SMITH & SMITH 1976
Nerodia valida — STEBBINS 1985: 244
Nerodia valida — MCCRANIE & MCALLISTER 1988
Nerodia valida — CHIASSON & LOWE 1989
Thamnophis validus — DE QUEIROZ & LAWSON 1994
Thamnophis valida — LINER 1994
Nerodia valida — HEATWOLE 1999
Thamnophis valida — LEMOS-ESPINAL et al. 2002
Thamnophis validus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 727
Thamnophis validus — HEIMES 2016: 385

Thamnophis validus celaeno (COPE 1861)
Tropidonotus celaeno COPE 1861: 341
Natrix celaeno — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 154
Natrix valida celaeno — COPE 1900: 986
Natrix valida celaeno — LEVITON & BANTA 1964
Nerodia valida celaeno — MCCRANIE 1988
Nerodia valida celaeno — SHINE 1994

Thamnophis validus isabellae (CONANT 1953)
Natrix valida isabellae CONANT 1953
Nerodia valida isabellae — MCCRANIE 1988
Nerodia valida isabellae — SHINE 1994

Thamnophis validus thamnophisoides (CONANT 1961)
Natrix valida thamnophisoides CONANT 1961: 2
Nerodia valida thamnophisoides — MCCRANIE 1988
Thamnophis validus thamnophisoides — ROSSMAN 1996: 39
Thamnophis validus thamnophisoides — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008: 148 
DistributionMexico (Baja California Sur, Chihuahua [LEMOS-ESPINAL et al. 2002, HR 33: 325], Jalisco, Sonora, Guerrero, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Oaxaca)

Type locality: "Durango, Mexico," (in error). Unknown; corrected to Río Presidio or coastal plain of southern Mexico fide Conant (1969: 83).

celaeno: Mexico (Baja California); Type locality: "Cape St. Lucas, Lower California", revised to "San Jose River, Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico" by Cochran, 1961:222

isabellae: Mexico (Guerrero); Type locality: “Pie de la Cuesta, Laguna Coyuca, Guerrero."

thamnophisoides: Mexico (Nayarit); Type locality: “along the Rio San Cayetano (Rio de Tepic on some maps and also known locally as the Rio Mololoa), approximately 3.5 miles south-east of Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico”.  
Reproductionovovivparous. 
TypesHolotype: USNM 1309, adult female (D.N. Couch).
Holotype: ZMH R04345 [quadriserialis]
Holotype: AMNH 84091, adult female, collected July 3 or 4, 1959 by Roger Conant; paratypes: CNHM [thamnophisoides]
Holotype: AMNH 73171, adult collected October 1949, by Roger Conant. [isabellae]
Holotype: USNM 1309 [validus]
Holotype: USNM 341 [celaeno]
Syntypes: USNM 4683, 131748 [Tropidonotus tephropleura] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (4690 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentHabitat: at least partially coastal and thus considered (partially) “marine” (according to WORMS).

NCBI taxon ID: 426693 [celaeno]
NCBI taxon ID: 426692 [isabellae]
NCBI taxon ID: 174673 [thamnophisoides]
NCBI taxon ID: 426691 [validus] 
EtymologyThe name valida is derived from the Latin word validus, meaning powerful or strong.

The subspecies celaeno was named after Greek “kelainos”, meaning black or dark, in reference to the dorsal coloration.

T. v. isabelleae honors Isabelle Hunt Conant, who accompanied her husband Roger when the type specimen was collected.

T. v. thamnophisoides refers to the garter snake genus Thamnophis, which this subspecies resembles (the subspecies was originally described in the genus Regina). 
References
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Bourguignon, T. 2002. Strumpfbandnattern: Herkunft - Pflege - Arten. E. Ulmer Verlag, 125 pp.
  • Burbrink FT, Futterman I. 2019. Female‐ biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's rule. Ecol Evol. 00:1–10
  • Chiasson,R.B. & LOWE,C.H. 1989. Ultrastructural scale pattens in Nerodia and Thamnophis. Journal of Herpetology 23 (2): 109-118 - get paper here
  • Conant, R. 1969. A review of the water snakes of the genus Natrix in México. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 142: 1-140 - get paper here
  • Conant, Roger 1946. Studies on North American water snakes - II. The subspecies of Natrix valida. American Midland Naturalist 35 (1): 250-275 - get paper here
  • Conant, Roger 1953. Three new water snakes of the genus Natrix from Mexico. Natural History Miscellanea (126): 1-9 - get paper here
  • Conant, Roger 1961. A new water snake from Mexico, with notes on anal plates and apical pits in Natrix and Thamnophis. American Museum Novitates (2060): 1-22 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1860. Supplement to "A catalogue of the venomous serpents in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with notes on the families, genera, and species.". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1860: 72-74 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1861. Notes and descriptions of new and little-known species of American reptiles. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12: 339-345 [1860] - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Ann. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1898: 153-1270 - get paper here
  • Cruz-Sáenz, Daniel, Ángeles Penilla-Juarez and David Lazcano. 2013. Notes on the Herpetofauna of Western Mexico 10: Herpetofauna of the Protected Natural Area “Estero El Salado” and Adjacent Areas in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 48 (9):117-119 - get paper here
  • Cupul-Magaña, F. Germán; F. Mc Cann, A. H. Escobedo-Galván, and M. A. López-Luna. 2017. Thamnophis validus (Kennicott, 1860). Predation by a Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias). Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(4): 937–939 - get paper here
  • De Queiroz, A., C. Henke & H.M. Smith 2001. Geographic variation and ontogenetic change in the diet of the Mexican Pacific Lowlands Garter Snake, Thamnophis validus Copeia 2001 (4): 1034-1042. - get paper here
  • de Queiroz,K. & LAWSON,R. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of the garter snakes based on DNA sequence and allozyme vatiation. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 53: 209-229 - get paper here
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  • Fugler, Charles M.;Dixon, James R. 1961. Notes on the herpetofauna of the El Dorado Area of Sinaloa, Mexico. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological Series 2 (1): 1-24
  • García, A. & Ceballos, G. 1994. GUIA DE CAMPO DE LOS REPTILES Y ANFIBIOS DE LA COSTA DE JALISCO, MEXICO. FUNDACION ECOLOGICA DE CUIXMALA, A.C. INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA, UNAM - get paper here
  • HALLAS, JOSHUA M.; THOMAS L. PARCHMAN & CHRIS R. FELDMAN. 2021. Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107374. [2022 in print] - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. & Chlebowy, J. 2001. Strumpfbandnattern. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 192 pp. - get paper here
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  • Kennicott, R. 1860. Descriptions of new species of North American serpents in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12: 328-338 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR 2020. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa, Mexico with a conservation status summary and comparisons with neighboring states. ZooKeys 931: 85-114 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Gadsden-Esparza H, Valdez-Lares R, Woolrich-Piña GA 2018. Amphibians and reptiles of the state of Durango, Mexico, with comparisons with adjoining states. ZooKeys 748: 65-87 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Pierce LJS, Painter CW 2020. The amphibians and reptiles of Colima, Mexico, with a summary of their conservation status. ZooKeys 927: 99-125 - get paper here
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  • Loc-Barragán JA, Smith GR, Woolrich-Piña GA, Lemos-Espinal JA 2024. An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nayarit, Mexico with conservation status and comparison with adjoining States. Herpetozoa 37: 25-42 - get paper here
  • Loc-Barragán, Jesús Alberto and David Lazcano 2018. Notes on the Herpetofauna of Nayarit, Mexico 1: Amphibians and Reptiles of the Municipality of Tecuala. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 53(4):73-80
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  • PALACIOS AGUILAR, RICARDO & RODRIGO ARRAZOLA BOHÓRQUEZ. 2022. First verified record of Thamnophis validus (Squamata: Natricidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico: Thamnophis validus in Oaxaca, Mexico. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 5(1): 109–111. - get paper here
  • Palacios-Aguilar, Ricardo & OSCAR FLORES-VILLELA 2018. An updated checklist of the herpetofauna from Guerrero, Mexico. Zootaxa 4422 (1): 1-24 - get paper here
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  • Queiroz, Alan de; Robin Lawson and Julio A. Lemos-Espinal 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of North American Garter Snakes (Thamnophis) Based on Four Mitochondrial Genes: How Much DNA Sequence Is Enough? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 315-329 - get paper here
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  • Smith,H.M. & Smith,R.B. 1976. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Vol. III. Source analysis and index for Mexican reptiles. John Johnson, North Bennington, Vermont.
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  • Woolrich-Piña, Guillermo A, Paulino Ponce-Campos, Jesús Loc-Barragán, Juan Pablo Ramírez-Silva, Vicente Mata-Silva, Jerry D. Johnson, Elí García-Padilla and Larry David Wilson. 2016. The herpetofauna of Nayarit, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (2): 376-448 - get paper here
 
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