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Thamnophis hammondii (KENNICOTT, 1860)

IUCN Red List - Thamnophis hammondii - Least Concern, LC

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Two-striped Garter Snake
G: Zweistreifen-Strumpfbandnatter
S: Jarretera de Hammond 
SynonymEutaenia hammondii KENNICOTT 1860: 332
Thamnophis elegans hammondii — FOX 1951: 487
Tropidonotus digueti MOCQUARD 1899: 327 (fide McGUIRE & GRISMER 1993)
Thamnophis digueti — SEIB 1980: 614
Thamnophis couchi hammondi — BROWN 1980: 585
Thamnophis couchii hammondi — FITCH 1984
Thamnophis hammondii — STEBBINS 1985: 207
Thamnophis couchii hammondi — MEHRTENS 1987: 171
Thamnophis hammondii digueti — STEBBINS 1985: 207
Thamnophis hammondii — LINER 1994
Thamnophis couchii hammondi — BELTZ 2003 (WWW)
Thamnophis hammondii — WALLACH et al. 2014: 722
Thamnophis hammondii — HANSEN & SHEDD 2025 
DistributionUSA (S California), Mexico (Baja California)

Type locality: San Diego, California. California, Kern County, Ft. Tejon, fide MALNATE 1971.  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesHolotype: USNM 894 (fide Fitch 1984); Syntypes: USNM 5496, 329498; ANSP 6522, collected by W.A. Hammond, date unknown. 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 622 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentBehavior: While most Thamnophis are diurnal, T. hammondii is at least partially nocturnal, e.g. during hot weather (Rossman et al. 1996).

Synonymy: partly after Fitch 1984.

Distribution: For map of California see Thomson et al. 2016: 286.

Diet: see Heptinstall et al. 2024 
EtymologyNamed after William Alexander Hammond (1828-1900), American physician, collector of the type. 
References
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Bourguignon, T. 2002. Strumpfbandnattern: Herkunft - Pflege - Arten. E. Ulmer Verlag, 125 pp.
  • Brown, Timothy W. 1980. The Present Status of the Garter Snake on Santa Catalina Island, California 2nd California Islands Multidisciplinary Symposium 1978: 585-595 - get paper here
  • Burbrink FT, Futterman I. 2019. Female‐ biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's rule. Ecol Evol. 00:1–10 - get paper here
  • Fitch,H.C. 1940. A biogeographical study of the ordinoides artenkreis of garter snakes (genus Thamnophis). Univ. California Publ. Zool. 44: 1-150
  • Fontenot Jr, Clifford L. 2008. Variation in pupil diameter in North American Gartersnakes (Thamnophis) is regulated by immersion in water, not by light intensity. Vision Research 48: 1663–1669
  • Grismer, L. L.; McGuire, J. A. 1993. The oases of central Baja California, Mexico. Part I. A preliminary account of the relict mesophilic herpetofauna and the status of the oases. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. 92 (1): 2-24 - get paper here
  • HALLAS, JOSHUA M.; THOMAS L. PARCHMAN & CHRIS R. FELDMAN. 2021. Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107374. [2022 in print] - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. & Chlebowy, J. 2001. Strumpfbandnattern. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 192 pp. - get paper here
  • Hansen, Robert and Jackson D. Shedd 2025. California Amphibians and Reptiles. Princeton University Press, 528 pp., ISBN<br />9780691249087 (ebook) - get paper here
  • Heimes, P. 2016. Snakes of Mexico. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 572 pp
  • Heptinstall, Tucker C.; Ramses A. Rosales-Garcia, Rhett M. Rautsaw, Erich P. Hofmann, Alan De Queiroz, Luis Canseco-Márquez & Christopher L. Parkinson 2024. Size Doesn't Matter: Body Size is Not Linked to Diet Specialization in Garter Snakes (Squamata: Natricidae: Thamnophis) Journal of Herpetology 58 (2): 122-134 - get paper here
  • Kennicott, R. 1860. Descriptions of new species of North American serpents in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12: 328-338 - get paper here
  • Liu, S., Vasquez, S., Campbell, C., & Clause, A. 2024. First verifiable maximum size for the Two-striped Gartersnake, Thamnophis hammondii. Reptiles & Amphibians, 31(1), e21850-e21850 - get paper here
  • Malnate, Edmond V. 1971. A catalogue of primary types in the Herpetological Collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proccedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 123 (9): 345-375 - get paper here
  • Mcguire J A. GRISMER L L. 1993. The taxonomy and biogeography of Thamnophis hammondii and Thamnophis digueti (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) in Baja California, Mexico. Herpetologica 49 (3): 354-365. - get paper here
  • Mehrtens, J.M. 1987. Living snakes of the world in color. Sterling Publ. Co., hic., New York, NY: 480 pp.
  • Mocquard, F. 1899. Contribution a la faune herpétologique de la Basse-Californie. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Natur.Paris, 4th Series, Vol. 1: 297-343 + plates XI-XIII - get paper here
  • Peralta-García A, Valdez-Villavicencio JH, Fucsko LA, Hollingsworth BD, Johnson JD, Mata-Silva V, Rocha A, DeSantis DL, Porras LW, and Wilson LD. 2023. The herpetofauna of the Baja California Peninsula and its adjacent islands, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 17(1&2): 57–142
  • Pilliod, D., Jeffries, M., Arkle, R. and Olson, D. 2024. Climate Futures for Lizards and Snakes in Western North America May Result in New Species Management Issues. Ecol Evol, 14: e70379 - get paper here
  • Queiroz, Alan de; Robin Lawson and Julio A. Lemos-Espinal 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of North American Garter Snakes (Thamnophis) Based on Four Mitochondrial Genes: How Much DNA Sequence Is Enough? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 315-329 - get paper here
  • Rossman, Douglas A.; Ford, Neil B. & Seigel, Richard A. 1996. The Garter Snakes: Evolution and Ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, xx + 332 + pp.
  • Seib, R. L. 1980. Baja California: A Peninsula for Rodents But Not for Reptiles. [reply to Taylor & Regal 1978] American Naturalist 115(4): 613–620 - get paper here
  • Sleijpen, Fons 2013. Pictures: Thamnophis hammondii, adult, female, Thamnophis melanogaster canescens, adult, female en Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis, juvenile, male. Litteratura Serpentium 33 (4): 334-335 - get paper here
  • Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
  • Stejneger, L.H. 1893. Annotated list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by the Death Valley Expedition in 1891, with descriptions of new species. North American Fauna, No. 7: 159-228 (+ 14 plates + 4 maps) - get paper here
  • Tevis, lloyd, Jr. 1944. Herpetological notes from lower California. Copeia 1944 (1): 6-18 - get paper here
  • Thomson, Robert C.; Amber N. Wright & H. Bradley Shaffer 2016. California Amphibian and Reptile Species of Special Concern. University of California Press - get paper here
  • Van Denburgh, John 1896. Additional notes on the herpetology of Lower California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2) 5: 1004-1008 - get paper here
  • Venegas, J.; Myers, L.T.; Foster, S.M.; Peralta-García, A.; Valdez-Villavicencio, J.H.; Alvarez, J.A. 2024. Natural history notes: Thamnophis hammondii (Two-striped Gartersnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 55 (1): 124-125.
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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