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Thamnophis radix (BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853)

IUCN Red List - Thamnophis radix - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Plains Garter Snake
G: Tiefland Strumpfbandnatter, Prärie-Strumpfbandnatter 
SynonymEutainia radix BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 34
Eutainia haydenii KENNICOTT 1860: 298
Eutainia radix KENNICOTT 1860: 299
Eutaenia radix twiningi COUES & YARROW 1878
Eutaenia radix — COPE 1900: 1026
Thamnophis radix — BURT 1935
Thamnophis radix — STEBBINS 1985: 210
Thamnophis radix — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 167
Thamnophis radix — CROTHER 2000
Thamnophis radix haydeni — DIXON 2000
Thamnophis radix haydeni — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 106
Thamnophis radix radix — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 105
Thamnophis radix — WALLACH et al. 2014: 724 
DistributionS Canada (Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan),
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, E Wyoming, E Colorado, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma, N Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Arkansas)

haydeni: N Texas, adjacent Oklahoma; Type locality: "Fort Pierre, Nebraska."  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesHolotype: USNM 719
Holotype: USNM 707, collected by Dr. Evan [haydenii]
Holotype: USNM 9537 [Eutaenia radix twiningi] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2925 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSubspecies: WALLEY et al. 2003 consider haydeni as a synonym of radix. 
EtymologyNamed after the Latin radix for"root," a possible reference to the Root River, near Racine. Wisconsin (fide Walley 2003). 
References
  • Amerongen, J. van 1981. Kweekresultaten [Breeding results]: Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium 1 (5): 201 - get paper here
  • Anton, Thomas G., Richard B. King and Bill Kleiman. 2013. Geographic Distribution: Thamnophis radix (plains gartersnake). Herpetological Review 44 (4): 630 - get paper here
  • Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, xvi + 172 pp. - get paper here
  • Bavetz, Mark J. 1993. Thamnophis radix radix (Eastern Plains Garter Snake). USA: Illinois. Herpetological Review 24 (2): 69 - get paper here
  • Baxter, G.T., & Stone, M.D. 1985. Amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming, 2.ed. Wyoming Game and Fish Dept., Cheyenne, Bull. no. 16 137 pp.
  • Becker, D. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (plains gartersnake). Herpetological Review 43: 450 - get paper here
  • Blackburn, D.G. & Stewart, J.R. 2011. Viviparity and placentation in snakes. In Aldridge & Sever (eds), Reproductive biology and phylogeny in snakes. CRC Press, pp. 119-181 - get paper here
  • Blanchard, Frank N. 1923. The amphibians and reptiles of Dickinson County, Iowa. Iowa Studies in Natural History 10 (2): 19-26
  • Booth, Warren; Gordon W. Schuett 2015. The emerging phylogenetic pattern of parthenogenesis in snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 118 (2): 172–186, DOI: 10.1111/bij.12744
  • Bourguignon, T. 2002. Strumpfbandnattern: Herkunft - Pflege - Arten. E. Ulmer Verlag, 125 pp.
  • BROWN, MIKALAH M. & KEITH GELUSO. 2022. Effects of cover object size and material, rainfall, and month on reptile detection in Nebraska. The Prairie Naturalist 54: 1–10. - get paper here
  • Burbrink FT, Futterman I. 2019. Female‐ biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's rule. Ecol Evol. 00:1–10
  • Burt, Charles E. 1935. Further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west. American Midland Naturalist 16 (3): 311-336 - get paper here
  • Chiszar, David;Featherman, Donnie;Fuerst, Roy;Smith, Hobart M. 1994. Observations on the herpetofauna of the indian reservations of southwestern South Dakota. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 29 (12): 269-270 - get paper here
  • Collins, J.T. & Collins, S.L. 2009. A pocket guide to Kansas snakes, 2nd ed. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, 69 pp.
  • Collins, J.T. & Collins, S.L. 2010. A pocket guide to Kansas snakes, 3rd ed. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, 69 pp.
  • Conant, Roger; Thomas, Edward S.;Rausch, Robert L. 1945. The Plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix, in Ohio. Copeia 1945 (2): 61-68 - get paper here
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
  • Cope, E.D. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Ann. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1898: 153-1270 - get paper here
  • Coues, Elliott;Yarrow, H. C. 1878. Notes on the herpetology of Dakota and Montana. Department of the Interior, United States Geological and Geographical Survey, Extracted from the Bulletin of the Survey 4 (1): 259-297 - get paper here
  • Cox, Christian L.; Eugenia S. Farrar, Jane D. Hey, and Matthew C. Morrill 2009. Cover Object Usage Among an Assemblage of Iowa Snakes. Herp. Cons. Biol. 4: 80-84 - get paper here
  • Craven, S.R. & Knudsen, G.J. 1996. Snakes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin.
  • Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92
  • DAVIS, DREW R. 2021. New Amphibian and Reptile Distribution Records from Eastern South Dakota, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 97–99.
  • DAVIS, DREW R. & BRIAN E. DICKERSON. 2022. THAMNOPHIS RADIX (Plains Gartersnake). DIET. Herpetological Review 53 (3): 523.
  • Davis, Drew R., Farkas, Jillian K., Johannsen, Rachel E., Leonard, Kalie M. and Kerby, Jacob L. 2017. Distributional records of amphibians and reptiles from South Dakota, USA. Herpetological Review 48 (1): 133-137 - get paper here
  • Degenhardt, William G.; C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press, 431 pp.
  • Dixon, James R. 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas, second edition. Texas A&M University Press, 421 pp.
  • Durso, Andrew M. 2011. Geographic Distribution: Thamnophis radix (plains gartersnake). Herpetological Review 42 (3): 396 - get paper here
  • Ernst, C.H., & Barbour, R.W. 1989. Snakes of eastern North America. George Mason Univ. Press, Fairfax, VA 282 pp.
  • Fitzpatrick, B.M. et al. 2008. Distinctiveness in the face of gene flow: hybridization between specialist and generalist gartersnakes. Molecular Ecology 17: 4107–4117 - get paper here
  • Ford, N.B. & G.W. Schofield 1984. Species Specificity of Sex Pheromone Trials in the Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix Herpetologica 40 (1): 51-55. - get paper here
  • Gangloff, Eric J., David Bertolatus, Christopher Reigel, and Jennifer L. Gagliardi-Seeley. 2014. Effects of sex, environment, and condition on the musking behavior of sympatric gartersnakes (Thamnophis spp.). The Journal of North American Herpetology 2014(1):40-46 - get paper here
  • Gangloff, Eric J.; Dawn M. Reding, David Bertolatus, Christopher J. Reigel, Jennifer L. Gagliardi-Seeley, and Anne M. Bronikowski 2017. Snakes in the City: Population Structure of Sympatric Gartersnakes (Thamnophis spp.) in an Urban Landscape. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 12 (2): 509–521. - get paper here
  • GROSE, LOGAN H. & KEITH GELUSO. 2022. Geographic distribution: THAMNOPHIS RADIX (Plains Gartersnake). USA: NEBRASKA: Dixon Co. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 82–83.
  • Grübner, D. 2006. Die häufigsten Strumpfbandnattern im Terrarium. Draco 6 (25): 32-39 - get paper here
  • Grübner, D. & Sonnenberg, J. 2006. Farbformen bei Strumpfbandnattern. Draco 6 (25): 77-85 - get paper here
  • Grübner, Daniel 2014. Farbformen bei Strumpfbandnattern. Ein Blick in die Vergangenheit, das Heute und die Trends von Morgen. Draco 16 (57): 16-27 - get paper here
  • HALLAS, JOSHUA M.; THOMAS L. PARCHMAN & CHRIS R. FELDMAN. 2021. Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107374. [2022 in print] - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. 2004. Die Prärie-Strumpfbandnatter Thamnophis radix. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 64 pp. - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. 2005. Crashkurs Kreuzungsgenetik. [English in Reptilia (GB) (44): 19]. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (55): 23-32 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. 2005. Farb- und Zeichnungszuchten in der Terraristik. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (55): 16-22 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. 2006. Selective Breeding for color and pattern. Reptilia (GB) (44): 12-18 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. 2007. Strumpfbandnattern -FAQ. Reptilia (Münster) 12 (67): 90-93 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. 2009. 10 Jahre Freilandterrarium für Schlangen - ein Erfahrungsbericht. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (78): 52-61 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. & Chlebowy, J. 2001. Seltene Farbformen der Prärie-Strumpfbandnatter Thamnophis radix gezüchtet. Elaphe 9 (1): 18-20 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. & Chlebowy, J. 2001. Strumpfbandnattern. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 192 pp. - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. & Grübner, D. 2006. Überblick über die Gattung Thamnophis. Draco 6 (25): 6-24 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, M. & Sonnenberg, J. 2006. Hilfen zur Unterscheidung einiger Unterarten und Farbformen bei Strumpfbandnattern (1.-3. T. s. sirtalis, T. s. similis; 4. T. proximus, T. sauritus, T. radix, T. s. sirtalis). Draco 6 (25): 50-59 - get paper here
  • Hallmen, Martin 2013. Minus fünfzehn Grad, na und? Erfolgreiche Überwinterung von Amphibien und Reptilien im Freilandterrarium. Draco 14 (55): 34-41 - get paper here
  • HITCHINGS, JAROD. 2022. Geographic distribution: THAMNOPHIS RADIX (Plains Gartersnake). USA: ILLINOIS: Sangamon Co. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 82.
  • Irwin, Kelly J. 2004. Arkansas Snake Guide. Arkansas Game & Fish Commission, Little Rock, 50 pp.
  • Jacobs, Don L. 1950. Status of garter snakes in a forest-prairie ecotone in Southern Minnesota. Copeia 1950 (3): 233-234 - get paper here
  • Jadin, Robert C. and Richard B. King 2012. Ontogenetic Effects on Snake Hemipenial Morphology. Journal of Herpetology 46 (3): 393-395. - get paper here
  • JOHNSON, SHAYLEE M. & KEITH GELUSO. 2022. Geographic distribution: THAMNOPHIS RADIX (Plains Gartersnake). USA: NEBRASKA: Hooker Co. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 83.
  • Jong, J. de 1986. Breeding results: Thamnophis radix (2x). Litteratura Serpentium 6 (2): 74 - get paper here
  • Kennicott, R. 1860. Zoological report. No. 4. Report upon the reptiles collected on the survey. In: Stevens, I.I. (Ed.), Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-5. Route ne - get paper here
  • King, R.B. & Stanford, K.M. 2006. Headstarting as a management tool: a case study of the Plains Gartersnake. Herpetologica 63 (3): 282-292 - get paper here
  • King, R.B.; Jadin, R.C.; Grue, M. & Walley, H.D. 2009. Behavioural correlates with hemipenis morphology in New World natricine snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 98: 110–120 - get paper here
  • King, Richard B. and Rachel M. Bowden 2013. Seasonal, Condition-Dependent, and Individual Variation in Testosterone in a Natricine Snake. Journal of Herpetology Mar 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1: 179-183. - get paper here
  • Kissner, K.J., D.M. Secoy & M.R. Forbes 1998. Sexual Dimorphism in Size of Cloacal Glands of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix haydeni Journal of Herpetology 32 (2): 268-270. - get paper here
  • LeClere, Jeff 1994. Snakes of Minnesota: plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix). Newsletter of the Minnesota Herpetological Society 14 (6): 10-12
  • Lingenfelter, A. R., Geluso, K. & Drahota, J. L. 2012. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix (plains gartersnake). Herpetological Review 43: 309-310 - get paper here
  • Lynch, J.D. 1985. Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nebraska. Nebraska Acad. of Sci., Lincoln, Trans. 13: 33-57.
  • Martyn, Noah T. and Christopher E. Smith. 2010. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix. Herpetological Review 41 (3): 383 - get paper here
  • Marvin, H.N. 1943. Erythristic Specimens of Thamnophis radix Copeia 1943 (2): 127. - get paper here
  • Meer, J. van het 1988. Thamnophis, part IV: Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium 8 (5): 207-211 - get paper here
  • Mutschmann, Frank & Martin Hallmen 2011. Ein Fall von Parthenogenese bei der Prärie-Strumpfbandnatter Thamnophis radix. Ophidia 5 (1): - get paper here
  • PALOSKI, R. A., G. W. SCHUURMAN, AND J. M. KAPFER 2020. Geographic Distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). USA: Wisconsin: Jefferson Co. Herpetological Review 51: 82.
  • Paloski, R.A., Hileman, E.T., Mayer, G.C., Schuurman, G.W. & Kapfer, J.M. 2017. Geographic Distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 48 (3): 591-592. - get paper here
  • Pilgrim, Melissa A; Terence M Farrell, Peter G May, Marcus. R Vollman, and Richard A Seigel 2011. Secondary Sex Ratios in Six Snake Species. Copeia 2011 (4): 553-558. - get paper here
  • Platvoet, H.-J. 1989. Breeding results: Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium 9 (5): 229 - get paper here
  • Platvoet, H.-J. 1989. Breeding results: Thamnophis radix haydeni (2x). Litteratura Serpentium 9 (2): 89-90 - get paper here
  • Platvoet, H.-J. 1990. Breeding results: Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium 10 (6): 267 - get paper here
  • Platvoet, H.-J.G.N. 1991. Breeding results: Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium 11 (5): 114 - get paper here
  • Quartero, H.W.P. 1982. Kweekresultaten [Breeding results]: Thamnophis radix. Litteratura Serpentium 2 (1): 43 - get paper here
  • Queiroz, Alan de; Robin Lawson and Julio A. Lemos-Espinal 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of North American Garter Snakes (Thamnophis) Based on Four Mitochondrial Genes: How Much DNA Sequence Is Enough? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 315-329 - get paper here
  • Ridlon, R.W., Jr. 1985. Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Tongue of the Snake, Thamnophis radix Journal of Herpetology 19 (4): 536-538. - get paper here
  • Rossman, Douglas A.; Ford, Neil B. & Seigel, Richard A. 1996. The Garter Snakes: Evolution and Ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, xx + 332 + pp.
  • Rüschoff, B.; Christian, B. & Grübner, D. 2006. Häufige Erkrankungen bei Strumpfbandnattern. Draco 6 (25): 94-101 - get paper here
  • Schield, D. & Waye, H. 2012. Thamnophis radix (plains gartersnake) defensive behavior: tonic immobility. Herpetological Review 43: 352 - get paper here
  • Secoy, D. M. 1970. Aberrant Head Scalation in Thamnophis radix haydent (Kennicott). Journal of Herpetology 4 (1-2): 91-92 - get paper here
  • Smith, A.G. 1947. Navel Closure Time and Age in the Young of Thamnophis radix Herpetologica 3 (5): 153-154. - get paper here
  • Smith, Albert G. 1949. The subspecies of the Plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 8 (14): 285-300
  • Smith, Christopher E. and Myron B. Zimmer. 2013. Herpetoculture notes: Thamnophis radix (Plains gartersnake) reproduction / litter size. Herpetological Review 44 (3): 454 - get paper here
  • Smith, Christopher E., Erica P. Hoaglund and Duane McDermott. 2010. Geographic distribution: Thamnophis radix. Herpetological Review 41 (3): 383 - get paper here
  • Smith, H.M. & D. Chiszar 1981. An Observation on Winter Emergence of a Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 17(3): 107-109. - get paper here
  • Stanford, K.M. & R.B. King 2004. Growth, survival, and reproduction in a Northern Illinois populatioin of the plains gartersnake, Thamnophis radix Copeia 2004 (3): 465-478. - get paper here
  • Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
  • Steehouder, A.M. 1983. Breeding results: Thamnophis radix butleri x Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Litteratura Serpentium 3 (5): 169-170 - get paper here
  • Stewart, James W. and Drew R. Davis. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains gartersnake). Herpetological Review 46 (2): 222 - get paper here
  • Swartz, Timothy M. and MIller, James R. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake). Herpetological Review 47 (4): 632 - get paper here
  • Taylor-Young, M. 2011. The Guide to Colorado Reptiles and Amphibians. Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, Colorado, 169 pp.
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  • Tucker, John K. 1994. Thamnophis radix (Plains garter snake). USA: Illinois. Herpetological Review 25 (4): 168 - get paper here
  • Tuttle, K.N. & P.T. Gregory 2009. Food Habits of the Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix) at the Northern Limit of Its Range Journal of Herpetology 43 (1): 65-73. - get paper here
  • Tuttle, Krysia N. and Patrick T. Gregory 2014. Reproduction of the Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix, Near Its Northern Range Limit: More Evidence for a “Fast” Life History. Copeia 2014 (1): 130–135 - get paper here
  • Tye, S P & Geluso, K; 2019. Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake) Scavenging. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 603 - get paper here
  • VanDeWalle, Terry 2022. The Natural History of the Snakes and Lizards of Iowa. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, Iowa, 384 pp. ISBN: 978-1- 609388-37-9. [review in HR 54 (1): 151] - get paper here
  • Veccheit, J; Schramer, T D & King, R B 2018. Thamnophis radix (Plains Gartersnake) Diet/Ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 49 (3): 558 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
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  • Wolvekamp, J. 1985. Breeding results: Thamnophis radix haydeni. Litteratura Serpentium 5 (2): 76 - get paper here
 
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