Trachemys scripta (THUNBERG, 1792)

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Higher Taxa	Emydidae, Deirochelyinae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies	Trachemys scripta scripta (SCHOEPFF 1792) Trachemys scripta elegans (WIED 1838) Trachemys scripta troostii (HOLBROOK 1836)
Common Names	E: Pondslider, Pond Slider, scripta: Yellowbelly Slider, elegans: Red-eared Slider, troostii: Cumberland Slider G: Buchstabenschmuckschildkröte, Rotwangenschmuckschildkröte (elegans), Gelbwangenschmuckschildkröte (T. s. scripta), Cumberland-Schmuckschildkröte (troosti) D: Roodwangschildpadden S: Hicotea; Icotea; Jicotea Russian: красноухая черепаха Italian: testuggine palustre americana
Synonym	Testudo scripta THUNBERG in SCHOEPFF 1792 Emys vittata GRAY 1831 Emys Grayii — GRAY 1873: 110 Crysemys scripta — BOULENGER 1889 Pseudemys scripta — JORDAN 1899 Crysemys scripta — FRITZ & BIENERT 1981 Crysemys grayi — FRITZ & BIENERT 1981 Pseudemys scripta — STEBBINS 1985: 101 Trachemys scripta — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 204 Trachemys scripta — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 175 Trachemys scripta — LINER 1994 Trachemys scripta — KÖHLER 2000: 24 Pseudemys grayi Trachemys scripta — CROTHER et al. 2012 Trachemys scripta — TTWG 2014: 363 Trachemys scripta — VARGAS-RAMÍREZ et al. 2017 Trachemys scripta — TTWG 2021 Trachemys scripta scripta (SCHOEPFF 1792) Testudo serrata DAUDIN 1802 Emys serrata — SAY 1824 Emys Serrata — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 267 Emys Serrata — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 225 Pseudemys scripta scripta — CARR 1937 Crysemys scripta scripta — HULSE 1980 Trachemys scripta scripta — IVERSON 1986 Trachemys scripta scripta — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 64 Trachemys scripta scripta — SEIDEL 2002 Trachemys scripta scripta — TTWG 2014: 363 Trachemys scripta scripta — HENNIG 2015 Trachemys scripta scripta — TTWG 2021 Trachemys scripta elegans (WIED 1838) Emys elegans WIED 1838: 213 Emys holbrooki GRAY 1844 Emys sanguinolenta GRAY 1855 Trachemys lineata GRAY 1873: 147 Chrysemys scripta var. elegans — BOULENGER 1889 Pseudemys elegans — FORCE 1928 Pseudemys scripta elegans — CAGLE 1944 Pseudemys troostii elegans — SCHMIDT & OWENS 1944 Pseudemys scripta elegans — STEBBINS 1985: 102 Trachemys scripta elegans — IVERSON 1986 Trachemys scripta elegans — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 204 Trachemys scripta elegans — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 65 Trachemys scripta elegans — SEIDEL 2002 Trachemys scripta elegans — TTWG 2014: 363 Trachemys scripta elegans — HENNIG 2015 Trachemys scripta elegans — VARGAS-RAMÍREZ et al. 2017 Trachemys scripta elegans — TTWG 2021 Trachemys scripta troostii (HOLBROOK 1836) Emys troosti HOLBROOK 1836: 55 Emys cumberlandensis HOLBROOK 1840 Emys Troostii — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 225 Trachemys troosti — GRAY 1863: 181 Chrysemys troostii — BOULENGER 1889 Pseudemys scripta troostii — CARR 1937 Pseudemys scripta troostii — CONANT 1938 Trachemys scripta troostii — IVERSON 1986 Trachemys scripta troostii — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 204 Trachemys scripta troostii — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 65 Trachemys scripta troostii — SEIDEL 2002 Trachemys scripta troostii — HENNIG 2012 Trachemys scripta troostii — TTWG 2014: 364 Trachemys scripta troostii — HENNIG 2015 Trachemys scripta troostii — VARGAS-RAMÍREZ et al. 2017 Trachemys scripta troostii — TTWG 2021
Distribution	scripta: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) [Rhodin et al. 2010] elegans: Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Jalisco, Querétaro, introduced to Yucatan peninsula), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico [eastern], Ohio, Oklahoma,Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia); introduced to Brazil (Espírito Santo) Introduced to Australia (New South Wales, Queensland,Victoria), Introduced to Europe in Austria,Belgium, Introduced to Asia in Cambodia, Introduced to South America in Argentina, Brazil, Introduced to the Caribbean in Bahamas, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Introduced to Bahrain Canada (Ontario), Cayman Islands, Chile, China (Hong Kong), Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, French Polynesia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Papua,Sulawesi, Sumatra), Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan (mainland, Ryukyu Archipelago), Malaysia (East,West), Martinique, Montenegro, Micronesia, Myanmar, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands [Saipan], Palau, Panama ?, Philippines (Cebu, Luzon, Mindanao), Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles (Mahé), Singapore, Saint Maarten, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain (Balearic Islands, Mallorca, Continental), Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New Mexico [western], New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington), US Virgin Islands, Vietnam Introduced to Mexico (Coahuila, Veracruz, Guanajuato) troosti: USA (NC Tennessee, SE Kentucky, SW Virginia, NW Georgia, NE Alabama); Type locality: Cumberland River (probaby Tennessee). Latin America and USA: USA (Nebraska [HR 30: 108], introduced to Hawaii fide McKeown); Mexico (Baja California, Yucatan, Nuevo Leon), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, Thailand, Singapore, W Malaysia and other parts of Indochina [introduced; fide COX et al. 1998] Africa: Introduced to Gambia Caribbean: Introduced to the French West Indies (Grande-Terre, Basse-Terre) [Schwartz & Thomas 1975) Europe: Italy (introduced to Sardinia) Spain (introduced fide MALKMUS 2006) France (introduced fide Berroneau et al. 2010) Greece (introduced and breeding on the island of Kos [BRUEKERS et al. 2006], Cyprus [BAIER et al. 2009]) Slovakia (introduced) Bulgaria (introduced) (Kornilev et al. 2020) Asia: introduced to Singapore
Reproduction	oviparous. This species exhibits temperature-dependant sex determination (TSD) which seems to be determined by an epigenetic regulator, KDM6B (JMJD3, a histone demethylase) (Weber et al. 2020).
Types	Type: UUZM (= ZMUU) (Linnaean and Thunbergian collections in Uppsala, Sweden). Holotype: ANSP 179 [troosti] Holotype: nondesignated fide Seidel & Ernst 2006 [elegans] Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.78 [holbrooki]
Diagnosis	Additional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (4398 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Subspecies: T. scripta and T. dorbigni are closely related and there is still some confusion about the taxonomy of their subspecies. T. scripta is the largest emydid with a carapace length of up to 60 cm. Trachemys scripta callirostris (GRAY 1855), Trachemys scripta hiltoni (CARR 1942), and Trachemys scripta nebulosa (VAN DENBURGH 1895) have been elevated to species status (SEIDEL 2002). T. (s.) ornata is not mentioned in a recent list by OBST (2003). Trachemys scripta hartwegi (LEGLER 1990) has been moved to Trachemys gaigeae hartwegi. Parham et al. 2020 suggested to synonymize troosti with scripta, but TTWG 2021 doesn’t follow their argument, hence we also retain troosti for now. Conservation: Salzberg (1996) estimated that more than 6 million sliders were exported from the US in 1995, mostly for the pet trade. Members of the genus Trachemys belong to the most heavily traded reptile species in the US, with millions of animals exported every year (Mali et al. 2014). Distribution: Not in Venezuela (fide RIVAS et al. 2012). Not listed by COGGER 2014. Not in Panama according to Jaramillo et al. 2010. Not in Ecuador fide Torres-Carvajal et al. 2019: 299 ff). Not in Nicaragua fide Sunyer & Martínez-Fonseca 2023 (checklist Nicaragua). See Bar et al. 2021 for a map. Introductions: From 1983 to 1997 500,000 to 900,000 specimens were introduced to Spain where many escaped or were released into the wild; the species seems to have established stable populations in various parts of Spain [Malkmus 2006]. Seems to have been introduced to the Channel Island Jersey although no reproduction has been demonstrated (Tonge 1986). Has been found in Micronesia and may have been introduced there (Buden & Taboroši 2016). Numerous specimens found in Ireland but not established there (Nick Parry, pers. comm., 7 Aug 2023). Type species: Emys troosti HOLBROOK 1836 is the type species of the genus Trachemys AGASSIZ 1857: 434. Habitat: freshwater (lakes, ponds, rivers) Key to the species of Trachemys: Ernst & Barbour 1989: 203. Karyotype: 2n = 50 chromosomes are present: 26 macrochromo- xxx somes (16 metacentric, 6 submetacentric, 4 telocentric) and 24 microchromosomes (Stock, 1972; Killebrew, 1977a; Bickham and Baker, 1976a, 1979).
Etymology	Named after Latin “scripta” means written; referring to the letter-like markings on the carapace. The genus was named after Greek trachys = rough and Greek emys = turtle, meaning “rough turtle”, referring to the roughened annuli on the carapace pleural scutes.
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External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://museum.nhm.uga.edu/~GAWildlife/Reptiles/reptsp.html http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/herps/miherps/index.html https://www.utep.edu/leb/chklist/herps/herps.htm http://www.algonet.se/~herp/files.htm http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/SliderBook/sliderbook.HTM http://www.tortoise.org/archives/elegans.html http://www.schildkroeten-im-fokus.de/archiv/2006_3bruekers.htm http://kogi.udea.edu.co/talleres/Zoocria/Icotea.pdf http://launion-sucre.gov.co/apc-aa-files/63303866363438663438633639613561… http://www.arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Testudines/Emydidae/Trachemys/scripta http://wildfoto.wbl.sk/korytnacka-pismenkova.html http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/reptiles/trascr.html Google images

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