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Trimorphodon biscutatus (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Serpentes (snakes) 
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Western Lyre Snake, Costal Lyre Snake
G: Küsten-Lyraschlange 
SynonymDipsas bi-scutatus DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 1153
Trimorphodon major COPE 1870: 153
Dipsadomorphus biscutatus — GÜNTHER 1858: 176
Trimorphodon biscutatus — COPE 1861: 297
Eteirodipsas biscutata — JAN 1863: 105 (part.)
Trimorphodon (Dipsas) biscutata — DUGÈS 1882: 145
Sibon biscutatum — GARMAN 1884: 16 (part.)
Trimorphodon biscutatum — DUGÈS 1893: 295
Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus — SMITH 1941: 159
Trimorphodon biscutatus semirutus — SMITH 1943: 492
Trimorphodon biscutatus semirutus SMITH 1943 (fide DUELLMAN 1954)
Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus — SCOTT & MCDIARMID 1984
Trimorphodon biscutatus — STEBBINS 1985: 220
Trimorphodon biscutatus — LINER 1994
Trimorphodon biscutatus — DEVITT et al. 2008 
DistributionUSA (California, S Nevada, Arizona, SW New Mexico, SW Texas),
Mexico (Baja California Sur, Michoacan, Jalisco), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica

Type locality: “Mexique”; restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, by SMITH & TAYLOR 1950. Map legend:
TDWG region - Region according to the TDWG standard, not a precise distribution map.

NOTE: TDWG regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and this does not always work properly. We are working on it.
 
TypesHolotype: MHNP 5900 
CommentColor plate 74 in VILLA et al. 1988. Synonymy partly after Scott & McDiarmid (1984)

The subspecies T. biscutatus lambda COPE 1886, lyrophanes COPE 1860, quadruplex SMITH 1941, and vilkinsonii COPE 1886 have been elevated to full species status. Distribution not corrected for these elevations (i.e. the data for this species contains still the range of the subspecies).

Max. total length: > 1.5 m 
References
  • Banicki, Leroy H.;Webb, Robert G. 1982. Morphological variation of the Texas Lyre Snake (Trimorphodon biscutatus vilkinsoni) from the Franklin Mountains, West Texas Southwestern Naturalist 27 (3): 321-324 - get paper here
  • Cobarrubias, Edgar Flores; Daniel Cruz-Sáenz, and David Lazcano 2012. Notes on the Herpetofauna of Western Mexico 6: Amphibians and Reptiles of Hostotipaquillo, Jalisco, Mexico. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 47(2):21-26
  • Cochran, Doris M. 1961. Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the United States National Museum. Bull. US Natl. Mus. (220): xvi + 291 pp. - get paper here
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
  • Cope, E.D. 1861. Contributions to the ophiology of Lower California, Mexico and Central America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13: 292-306 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1861. Notes and descriptions of new and little-known species of American reptiles. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12: 339-345 [1860] - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1870. Seventh contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 11 [1869]: 147-169
  • Cope, E.D. 1875. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution based on specimens contained in the U.S. National Museum. Bull. US Natl. Mus. 1: 1-104 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1886. Thirteenth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 23: 271-287 [1885]
  • Cowles, Raymond B.;Bogert, Charles M. 1935. Observations on the California lyre snake, Trimorphodon vandenburghi Klauber, with notes on the effectiveness of its venom Copeia 1935 (2): 80-85 - get paper here
  • Cowles, Raymond B.;Bogert, Charles M. 1936. The herpetology of the Boulder Dam Region (Nev., Ariz., Utah) Herpetologica 1 (2): 33-42 - get paper here
  • Degenhardt, William G.; C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press, 431 pp.
  • Degenhardt, William G.;Steele, G. Earl 1957. Additional specimens of Trimorphodon vilkinsoni from Texas. Copeia 1957 (4): 309-310 - get paper here
  • Devitt, T.J. 2006. PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN LYRE SNAKE (TRIMORPHODON BISCUTATUS): TESTING ARIDLAND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL HYPOTHESES ACROSS THE NEARCTIC–NEOTROPICAL TRANSITION. Molecular Ecology 15: 4387-4407
  • Devitt, Thomas J.; Travis J. LaDuc, and Jimmy A. McGuire 2008. The Trimorphodon biscutatus (Squamata: Colubridae) Species Complex Revisited: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Geographic Variation. Copeia 2008 (2): 370–387 - get paper here
  • Dixon, James R.;Sabbath, Mike;Worthington, Richard 1962. Comments on snakes from Central and Western México Herpetologica 18 (2): 91-100 - get paper here
  • Duellman, William E. 1954. The amphibians and reptiles of Jorullo volcano, Michoacán, Mexico Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan (560): 1-24
  • Dugés, A. 1882. Notas sobre el colcoatl o Trimorphodon (Dipsas) biscutata D.B. La Naturaleza 6: 145-148
  • Dugés, A. 1893. Variaciones de coloración en el Gerrhonotus imbricatus. La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 2: 294-295
  • Duméril, A. M. C., BIBRON, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., 1854. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536 - get paper here
  • Fugler, Charles M.;Dixon, James R. 1961. Notes on the herpetofauna of the El Dorado Area of Sinaloa, Mexico Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological Series 2 (1): 1-24
  • Garman,Samuel 1884. The reptiles and batrachians of North America. Mem. Mus. comp. Zool, Cambridge (Massachusetts), 8 (3): xxxiv + 185 pp. [1883] [CNAH reprint 10]
  • Gehlbach, F. R. 1971. Lyre snakes in the Trimorphodon biscutatus complex: a taxonomic resume. Herpetologica 27: 200-211. - get paper here
  • Gehlbach, Fredrick R. 1958. A first record for Trimorphodon lambda in New Mexico Copeia 1958 (3): 222 - get paper here
  • Günther, A. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine snakes of the British Museum. London, I - XVI, 1 - 281
  • Jan,G. 1863. Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi descriti e disegnati per l'Iconografia Generale. Milano, A. Lombardi. vii + 143 pp.
  • Klauber, L.M. 1924. Notes on the distribution of snakes in San Diego County, California. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego 1: 1-22
  • Köhler, G. 1996. Pflege und Vermehrung der Lyraschlange Trimorphodon b. biscutatus. Elaphe 4 (3): 2-5
  • LaDuc, Travis J. and Jerry D. Johnson. 2003. A taxonomic revision of Trimorphodon biscutatus vilkinsonii (Serpentes: Colubridae). Herpetologica 59 (3): 364-374 - get paper here
  • Mahrdt, Clark R.;Grismer, L. Lee 1995. Trimorphodon biscutatus Herpetological Review 26 (3): 157
  • McCranie J R 2011. The snakes of Honduras. SSAR, Salt Lake City, 725 pp.
  • Medica, P. A. 1962. The Texas lyre snake, Trimorphodon vilkinsoni, in New Mexico Herpetologica 18 (1): 65 - get paper here
  • Peterson, A.T. et al. 2004. A preliminary biological survey of Cerro Piedra Larga, Oaxaca, Mexico: Birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and plants. Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 75(2): 439-466
  • Porras, L.W. 2006. Die Schlangen des costa-ricanischen Trockenwaldes. Reptilia (Münster) 11 (61): 32-37 - get paper here
  • Porras, L.W. & Solórzano, A. 2006. Costa Rica’s venomous snakes. Reptilia (GB) (48): 11-17 - get paper here
  • Salvin, O. & Godman, F.D. 1895. Biologi Centrali-Americana or Contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Porter and Dulan & Co., London.
  • Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, 934 pp. [review in Copeia 2003 (1): 205]
  • Schmidt, Karl P.;Shannon, Frederick A. 1947. Notes on amphibians and reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico. Zoological Series of Field Museum of Natural History 31 (9): 63-85
  • Scott N J Jr; McDiarmid R W 1984. Trimorphodon Cope. Lyre snakes. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles No. 352: 1-2 - get paper here
  • Scott, N. J., & MCDIARMID, R. W. 1984. Trimorphodon biscutatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles No. 353: 1-4. - get paper here
  • Seung Hoon, Cha 2012. Snake, the world most beautifull curve [in Korean]. Hownext, 304 pp. [ISBN 978-89-965656-7-3] - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M. 1941. Notes on the snake genus Trimorphodon. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 91 (3130): 149-168 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M. 1942. Summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in Mexico under the Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proceeding of the U. S. National Museum, 93 (3169): 393-504 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M. & Taylor, Edward H. 1950. Type localities of Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 33 (8): 313-380 - get paper here
  • Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
  • Taylor, Edward Harrison 1938. Notes on the herpetological fauna of the Mexican state of Sonora. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 24 (19): 475-503 [1936] - get paper here
  • Vences M., Franzen M., Flaschendräger A., Schmitt R. & Regös J. 1998. Beobachtungen zur Herpetofauna von Nicaragua: kommentierte Artenliste der Reptilien. Salamandra 34 (1): 17-42
  • Villa, Jaime D. 1993. Trimorphodon biscutatus quadruplex (zorcuata). Size Herpetological Review 24 (3): 106-107
 
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