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Trioceros jacksonii (BOULENGER, 1896)

IUCN Red List - Trioceros jacksonii - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaChamaeleonidae, Sauria, Iguania, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesTrioceros jacksonii jacksonii (BOULENGER 1896)
Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus (RAND 1958)
Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus (EASON, FERGUSON & HEBRARD 1988) 
Common NamesE: Jackson’s chameleon
G: Dreihorn-Chamäleon 
SynonymChamaeleon jacksonii BOULENGER 1896: 376
Chamaeleo jacksonii — BONETTI 2002: 63
Trioceros jacksonii — TILBURY & TOLLEY 2009
Trioceros jacksonii — TILBURY 2010: 642
Chamaeleo jacksonii — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015
Trioceros jacksonii — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 292

Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii (BOULENGER 1896)
Chamaeleon jacksonii var. vauerescecae TORNIER 1904
Chamaeleo jacksonii jacksonii — WERNER 1911: 26
Chamaeleon jacksonii vauerescecae — LOVERIDGE 1920: 163
Chamaeleon jacksonii vauerescecae — LOVERIDGE 1923
Chamaeleo (Trioceros) jacksonii — NECAS 1999: 165
Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii — TILBURY 2010: 642

Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus (RAND 1958)
Chamaeleo jacksonii merumontana RAND 1958: 2
Chamaeleo jacksonii merumontanum — VAN HOOF et al. 2006
Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus — TILBURY 2010: 650: 646

Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus (EASON, FERGUSON & HEBRARD 1988)
Chamaeleo jacksonii xantholophus EASON, FERGUSON & HEBRARD 1988
Chamaeleo jacksonii xantholophus — VAN HOOF et al. 2006
Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus — TILBURY 2010: 650 
DistributionKenya (Kikuyu near Nairobi, highlands of central Kenya except of eastern slopes of Mt. Kenya), Tanzania (Mt. Meru), Kenya (eastern slopes of Mt. Kenya)

USA (Chamaeleo jacksonii xantholophus was introduced to Hawaii fide McKeown 1996, Crother et al. 2017) and California (Lemos-Espinal 2015)

Type locality: Uganda, later amended to Kikuyu, near Nairobi, Kenya (fide MERTENS 1966: 18)

merumontanus: Tanzania (Mt. Meru); Type locality: Laikinoi, Mt. Meru, Arusha District, Tanzania

vauerescecae: Type locality: Kikuyo dist., Nairobi, originally “Nairobi in Kikuju [Kenya] (Britisch Ost-Afrika); 7000 englische Fuss über dem Meer.”

xantholophus: Kenya, introduced to Hawaii; Type locality: 3 km south of Meru, Meru district, Kenya.  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesHolotype: BMNH 1946.8.21.81, adult male. Previously NHMUK1896.3.27.6), listed as halfgrown male by Campbell & Denzer 2020.
Holotype: MCZ 56152; Paratypes: NHMUK 1958.1.6.35–39, males and females, coll. J. Minnery, Jan. 1958 [merumontanus]
Syntype: NHMUK 1946.8.21.52, male (Previously NHMUK 1935.2.8.11), see Campbell & Denzer 2020 for further discussion [vauerescecae]
Holotype: MCZ 165202 (not mentioned in Eason et al.), NMK L/1796, adult male (given as holotuype in description); paratypes: MCZ, NMK [xantholophus] 
Diagnosis 
CommentIllustration: the photo of Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus in SCHMIDT et al 2010: 63 is actually Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus (fide Weiß 2013, Reptilia 101: 64). 
Etymologynamed after the collector of the Holotype specimen, Mr. F. J. JACKSON.

The name vauerescecae seems to be a word play pronouncing the letters V, R, S and C in German, i.e. ”vau”, ”er”, ”es” and “ce”, apparently standing for Vertebrata, Reptilia, Sauria, and Chamaeleonidae (similar to the words Tornier created for Buhoma vauerocegae and Congolacerta vauereselli), fide Bischoff (2001). 
References
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  • Bischoff, W. 2001. Gustav Tornier (1858 – 1938), in: Rieck, W., Hallmann, G. & Bischoff, W. (eds) Die Geschichte der Herpetologie und Terarienkunde im deutschsprachigen Raum. Mertensiella, 12: 642–643
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  • Boulenger, G. A. 1896. Description of a new chameleon from Uganda. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 17: 376 - get paper here
  • CAMPBELL, PATRICK D; WOLFGANG DENZER 2020. Annotated catalogue of chameleon types in the collection of the Natural History Museum, UK (NHMUK) (Reptilia: Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). Zootaxa 4742 (3): 481–500 - get paper here
  • Chiaverano, Luciano M.; Melissa J. Wright, and Brenden S. Holland 2014. Movement Behavior is Habitat Dependent in Invasive Jackson's Chameleons in Hawaii. Journal of Herpetology 48 (4): 471-479. - get paper here
  • Eason, P. K. & G. W. Ferguson & J. Hebrard 1988. Variation in Chamaeleo jacksonii (Sauria, Chamaeleonidae): Description of a New Subspecies. Copeia 1988 (3): 580-590. - get paper here
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  • Holland, B.S.; Montgomery, S.L. & Costello, V. 2010. A reptilian smoking gun: first record of invasive Jackson’s chameleon (Chamaeleo jacksonii) predation on native Hawaiian species. Biodivers Conserv 19:1437–1441 - get paper here
  • Klaver, Charles 2022. The etymology of three enigmatic (sub-)specific names clarified. Amphibia-Reptilia, 43(4), 431-432 - get paper here
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