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Trioceros oweni (GRAY, 1831)

IUCN Red List - Trioceros oweni - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaChamaeleonidae, Sauria, Iguania, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Owen's Chameleon 
SynonymChamaeleo oweni GRAY 1831: 7
Chamaelon owenii – GRAY 1831: 54
Chamaeleo tricornis DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 227
Chamaeleo bibroni MARTIN 1838: 65
Chamaeleo grayii — SWAINSSON 1839 (nom. subst. pro Chamaeleo oweni)
Triceras owenii — GRAY 1865: 352
Chamaeleo unicornis MOCQUARD 1906: 464
Chamaeleo oweni ssp. cristata STERNFELD 1912 (non Chamaeleo cristatus STUCHBURY 1837)
Chamaeleo michelli MÜLLER 1913
Chamaeleon owenii — SCHMIDT 1919: 583
Chamaeleon mitchelli SCHMIDT 1919: 584 (ex errore)
Chamaeleo unicornis – DE WITTE 1953: 64
Chamaeleo unicornis — LAURENT 1958: 117
Chamaeleo oweni oweni – HILLENIUS 1959: 54
Chamaeleo oweni unicornis – HILLENIUS 1959: 54
Chamaeleo (Trioceros) oweni – KLAVER & BÖHME 1986: 59
Chamaeleo (Trioceros) oweni — NECAS 1999: 180
Trioceros oweni — TILBURY & TOLLEY 2009
Trioceros oweni — TILBURY 2010: 700
Trioceros oweni — CAMPBELL & DENZER 2020 
DistributionEquatorial Guinea (Bioko = Fernando Po, Mbini), Angola, Cameroon, W/C/N Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Gabon, Nigeria, Central African Republic

Type locality: Bioko, Äquatorial-Guinea.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: BMNH 1946.8.21.48-49 (2 specimens).
Holotype: NHMUK 1946.8.21.66 (Previously NHMUK XXIV.17.c), female, pres. J. E. Gray (don. Knapp, see Martin p. 64) [bibroni]
Holotype: MNHN-RA 1906.0173 [unicornis] 
Diagnosis 
CommentType species: Chamaeleo oweni GRAY 1831 is the type species of the genus Trioceros SWAINSON 1839. TILBURY & TOLLEY elevated Trioceros from subgenus to genus level and redefined the genus (see below).

Synonymy: Other generic synonyms include Pterosaurus Gray 1865; type species Chameleon cristatus Stutchbury 1837. Ensirostris Gray 1865; type species Ensirostris melleri Gray 1865.

Key: a key to the 5 species of Trioceros of Ethiopia is provided in Koppetsch et al. 2021.

Distribution: For a map with localities in Equatorial Guinea see SÁNCHEZ-VIALAS et al. 2022. 
EtymologyNamed after Vice Admiral William Fitz-William Owen (1774-1857), who was born and died in Canada.

The genus was named after tri = three, and Greek “keros” = horn, after the 3 horns in this genus (at least in males). 
References
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Böhme, Wolfgang 2023. Der Bonner afrotropische Regenwald und seine herpetologischen Bewohner. Elaphe 2023 (5): 56-61
  • Buchholz, R. 1874. Bemerkungen über die im Cameroongebiet vorkommenden Arten von Chamäleonen. Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin 1874: 77-89. - get paper here
  • CAMPBELL, PATRICK D; WOLFGANG DENZER 2020. Annotated catalogue of chameleon types in the collection of the Natural History Museum, UK (NHMUK) (Reptilia: Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). Zootaxa 4742 (3): 481–500 - get paper here
  • Chirio, L. & Lebreton, M. 2007. Atlas des reptiles du Cameroun. MNHN, IRD, Paris 688 pp.
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  • Glaw, F. 2015. Taxonomic checklist of chameleons (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). [type catalogue] Vertebrate Zoology 65 (2): 167–246 - get paper here
  • Gonwouo, L.N.; LeBreton, M.; Wild, C.; Chirio, L.; Ngassam, P. & Tchamba, M.N. 2006. Geographic and ecological distribution of the endemic montane chameleons along the Cameroon maountain range. Salamandra 42 (4): 213-230 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1831. Description of a new species of chamaeleon discovered by Capt. Owen in Africa. Zoological Miscellany 1: 7. - get paper here
  • Gray,J.E. 1865. Revision of the genera and species of Chamaeleonidae, with the description of some new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 15: 340-354 - get paper here
  • Harbort, J. & Herrmann H.-W. 2002. Untersuchungen an ausgewählten Chamäleon-Populationen am Mt. Nlonako/Kamerun mit Bemerkungen zu einem Chamaeleo camerunensis. Herpetofauna 24 (140): 25-34 - get paper here
  • Hillenius, D. 1959. The differentiation within the genus Chamaeleo LAURENTI 1768. Beaufortia, Amsterdam, 8: 1-92.
  • Hughes, DF, Blackburn, DG. 2019. Evolutionary origins of viviparity in Chamaeleonidae. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 58 (1): 284-302 [2020] - get paper here
  • Klaver, C. & BÖHME,W. 1986. Phylogeny and classification of the Chamaeleonidae (Sauria), with special reference to hemipenis morphology. Bonner zool. Monogr. 22: 1-64. - get paper here
  • Laurent, R.F. 1958. Notes herpétologiques africaines II. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 58 (1–2): 115–128
  • Marques, Mariana P.; Luis M. P. Ceríaco , David C. Blackburn , and Aaron M. Bauer 2018. Diversity and Distribution of the Amphibians and Terrestrial Reptiles of Angola -- Atlas of Historical and Bibliographic Records (1840–2017). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 4) 65: 1-501 (Supplement II)
  • Martin, W. 1838. Three species of Chameleon from Fernando Po. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1838: 63-65 - get paper here
  • Mocquard, F. 1906. Description de quelques espéces nouvelles de Reptiles. Bull. Mus. nat. Hist. nat., Paris 7: 464-466. - get paper here
  • Müller, L. 1913. Über ein neues Chamäleon aus dem Uelledistrikt, Kongostaat. Zool. Anz. 41: 230- 234. - get paper here
  • Nečas, Petr 1999. Chameleons - Nature's Hidden Jewels. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt; 348 pp.; ISBN 3-930612-04-6 (Europe)<br>ISBN 1-57524-137-4 (USA, Canada)
  • Pauwels OSG, Morelle S, Albert J-L, Carlino P, Rahola N, Trape J-F. 2019. New reptile records from Lékédi Park and Haut-Ogooué Province, southeastern Gabon. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1) [General Section]: 143–161 (e174) - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O. S. G. B. Le Garff, I. Ineich, P. Carlino, I. Melcore, L. Boundenga, C. Vigna, T. Stévart, K. Jeffery, C. Orbell, J.-B. Squarcini, J. P. Vande weghe and L. J. T. White 2016. Miscellanea Herpetologica Gabonica V & VI. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 51: 177 - get paper here
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  • Pauwels, O.S.G.; van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. & Böhme, W. 2006. Owens Chamäleon, Chamaeleo owenii GRAY 1831, in Gabun. Elaphe 14 (4): 53-54 - get paper here
  • SÁNCHEZ-VIALAS, A., CALVO-REVUELTA, M. & DE LA RIVA, I. 2022. Synopsis of the terrestrial Reptiles of Equatorial Guinea. Zootaxa 5202 (1): 1-197 - get paper here
  • Schmidt, Karl Patterson 1919. Contributions to the Herpetology of the Belgian Congo based on the Collection of the American Congo Expedition, 1909-1915. Part I: turtles, crocodiles, lizards, and chamaeleons. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 39 (2): 385-624 - get paper here
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  • Sternfeld, R. 1912. Der Formenkreis des Chamaeleon bitaeniatus. Sber. Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 7: 379-384.
  • Sternfeld, R. 1912. IV. Zoologie II. Lfg. Reptilia. In: Schubotz., R. (ed.): Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907- 1908, unter Führung A. Friedrichs, Herzogs zu Mecklenburg. Klinkhard und Biermann, Leipzig: 197-279 [published 1912, not 1913, as often cited, see Männel & Kucharzewski 2017] - get paper here
  • Sternfeld, R. 1912. Die Reptilien aus der Expedition Professor Hans Meyers nach Deutsch-Ostafrika. Sber. Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 7: 384-388.
  • Sternfeld, R. 1917. Reptilia und Amphibia. In: Schubotz, H. (Hrsg.): Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition, 1910-1911 unter Führung Adolph Friedrichs, Herzog zu Mecklenburg. Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Biermann, [Band] 1, Zoologie, Lieferung 11; S. 407-510. - get paper here
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  • Tilbury, C. R. & Tolley, Krystal A. 2009. A re-appraisal of the systematics of the African genus Chamaeleo (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae). Zootaxa 2079: 57–68 - get paper here
  • Trape, J.F.; Trape, S. & Chirio, L. 2012. Lézards, crocodiles et tortues d'Afrique occidentale et du Sahara. IRD Orstom, 503 pp. - get paper here
  • Werner, F. 1899. Ueber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun und Deutsch-Neu-Guinea grösstentheils aus dem k. Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 49: 132-157 - get paper here
  • Witte, G. F. de 1953. Reptiles. Exploration du Parc National de l'Upemba. Mission G. F. de Witte en collaboration avec W. Adam, A. Janssens, L. Van Meel et R. Verheyen (1946–1949). Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge. Brussels, vol. 6, 322 pp. - get paper here
 
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