You are here » home › advanced search › Varanus salvator

Varanus salvator (LAURENTI, 1768)

IUCN Red List - Varanus salvator - Least Concern, LC
iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Varanus salvator?

Add your own observation of
Varanus salvator »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaVaranidae, Platynota, Varanoidea, Anguimorpha, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesVaranus salvator salvator (LAURENTI 1768)
Varanus salvator andamanensis DERANIYAGALA 1944
Varanus salvator bivittatus (KUHL 1820)
Varanus salvator celebensis (SCHLEGEL 1844)
Varanus salvator macromaculatus DERANIYAGALA 1944
Varanus salvator ziegleri KOCH & BÖHME 2010 
Common NamesE: Common Water Monitor
G: Bindenwaran
Chinese: 圆鼻巨蜥 
SynonymStellio salvator LAURENTI 1768: 58
Tupinambis elegans DAUDIN 1802 (in part)
Monitor nigricans CUVIER 1829: 27
Monitor exilis GRAY in GRIFFITH 1831
Hydrosaurus salvator — GRAY 1845: 13
Monitor salvator — BLYTH 1846: 376
Varanus salvator — CANTOR 1847: 635
Hydrosaurus salvator — KELAART 1854: 137
Hydrosaurus salvator — THEOBALD 1868: 23
Varanus salvator — BOULENGER 1885: 314
Varanus salvator — DE ROOIJ 1915: 146
Varanus scutigerulus BARBOUR 1932
Varanus salvator salvator — MERTENS 1937
Varanus salvator kabaragoya DERANIYAGALA 1947
Varanus salvator salvator — DE LISLE 1996: 134
Varanus salvator — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 292
Varanus (Soterosaurus) salvator — ZIEGLER & BÖHME 1997
Varanus salvator — COX et al. 1998: 107
Varanus salvator andamanensis — GAULKE & HORN in PIANKA & KING 2004: 244
Varanus (Soterosaurus) salvator — KOCH et al. 2013
Varanus (Soterosaurus) salvator — BUCKLITSCH et al. 2016: 50
Varunus salvator — MALSAWMDAWNGLIANA et al. 2022 (in error)
Varanus salvator — STUART et al. in WCS 2024

Varanus salvator andamanensis DERANIYAGALA 1944
Varanus salvator andamanensis — MERTENS 1963
Varanus salvator andamanensis — BÖHME 2002
Varanus salvator andamanensis — GAULKE & HORN in PIANKA & KING 2004: 258
Varanus salvator andamanensis — KOCH et al. 2007

Varanus salvator bivittatus (KUHL 1820)
Tupinambis bivittatus KUHL 1820
Monitor nigricans CUVIER 1829: 27 (fide MERTENS 1963)
Lacerta Bivittatus — CUVIER 1831: 110
Varanus bivittatus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 486
Monitor bivittatus — SCHLEGEL 1839: X (nom. nud.)
Monitor bivittatus var. javanica — SCHLEGEL 1844: 38
Monitor bivittatus var. javanica — SCHLEGEL 1844
Varanus crocodilinus OWEN 1845
Varanus salvator bivittatus — MERTENS 1959: 17
Varanus salvator bivittatus — BÖHME 2002
Varanus salvator bivittatus — GAULKE & HORN in PIANKA & KING 2004: 260
Varanus (Soterosaurus) salvator bivittatus — KOCH et al. 2013
Varanus salvator bivittatus — ZIEGLER & VENCES 2020
Varanus salvator bivittatus — GLÄSSER-TROBISCH & TROBISCH 2023

Varanus salvator celebensis (SCHLEGEL 1844)
Monitor bivittatus var. celebensis SCHLEGEL 1839: X (nom. nud.)
Monitor bivittatus var. celebensis SCHLEGEL 1844
Varanus salvator celebensis — DE LISLE 2009
Varanus salvator celebensis — AULIYA & KOCH 2020: 143, 164

Varanus salvator macromaculatus DERANIYAGALA 1944
Varanus vittatus LESSON 1831: 307
Varanus salvator nicobariensis DERANIYAGALA 1947
Varanus salvator komaini NUTAPHAND 1987
Varanus salvator komaini — DWYER & PEREZ 2007
Varanus salvator macromaculatus — KOCH et al. 2007
Varanus salvator nicobariensis — MURTHY 2010
Varanus (Soterosaurus) salvator macromaculatus — KOCH et al. 2013
Varanus salvator macromaculatus — SACHA 2015
Varanus salvator macromaculatus — ZIEGLER & VENCES 2020

Varanus salvator ziegleri KOCH & BÖHME 2010
Varanus (Soterosaurus) salvator ziegleri — KOCH et al. 2013
Varanus salvator ziegleri — ZIEGLER & VENCES 2020 
DistributionSri Lanka, NE India (incl. Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands), Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar (= Burma), Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, S China (Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, S Yunnan), Thailand (incl. Phuket), Malaysia (incl. Pulau Pangkor, Pulau Tioman, Johor: Pulau Besar), Singapore, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, Nias, Enggano, Bangka, Kalimantan, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Wetar, Sulawesi, Natuna islands),

USA (possibly introduced to Florida)

adamanensis: Andaman Islands; Type locality: Port Blair, Andaman Islands.

bivittatus: Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Ombai (Alor), Komodo, Wetar and some neighbouring islands within the Sunda arch); Type locality: Java (designated by
MERTENS 1959).

celebensis: Indonesia (North Sulawesi)

komaini: Thailand. Type locality: Amphoe La-ngu, Satun Prov., Thailand, and Thai-Malaysian bodeer area.

macromaculatus: Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo)

salvator: restricted to Sri Lanka (KOCH et al. 2007); Type locality: America (in error); emended to "Ceylon" (= Sri Lanka) by Mertens (1959).

ziegleri: Obi Island, possibly Halmahera, Indonesia; Type locality: Kali Telaga, Obi Island, Maluku Province, Central Indonesia.  
Reproductionoviparous. Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein). 
TypesNeotype: ZFMK 22092, juvenile, collected by B. Schulz, March 1978, donated by B. Schulz, April 1978; designated by Koch et al. (2007).
Holotype: ZSI 22176 (juvenile); ZSI 22174 (paratype) [andamanensis]
Lectotype: RMNH 3179, designated by De Lisle 2009 [celebensis]
Holotype: iconotype: Plate 30, fig. 2 in Seba's "Thesaurus", Tome II.
Lectotype: MNHN-RA 0871 [macromaculatus]
Syntypes: MNHN [Monitor nigricans]
Holotype: SMF 56442, a juvenile, collected by A. M. R. Wegner, 25 – 31.X.1953. [ziegleri]
Holotype: iconotype: Plate 30, fig. 2 in Seba’s “Thesaurus”, Tome II. [bivittatus] 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 5497 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSubspecies: Varanus salvator togianus (PETERS 1872), V. s. nuchalis, V. s. cumingi, and Varanus s. marmoratus (WIEGMANN 1834) have been elevated to full species status by KOCH et al. (2007).

Phylogenetics: Ziegler & Vences 2020 provide an updated phylogeny of the salvator complex (and suggest to treat many of the members as subspecies, rather than species, but do not formally change any names).

Conservation: Threatened by the reptile leather industry which exports ~40,000 skins from Indonesia each year (KOCH 2010).

Habitat: near rivers, has also been seen “far out at sea” [”marine” habitat]

Distribution: possibly in Bhutan (Lenz 2012). Older reports from the Philippine Islands refer to V. cumingi although Taylor 1922 reported both from the Philippines. See Ziegler & Vences 2020 for a map of the members of the salvator complex.

Genome: Chetruengchai et al. 2022. 
EtymologyUncertain, but possibly similar to the genus Salvator, which was at the time a name frequently used for Jesus Christ in hymns of the Christian Church. See Salvator merianae, the type species of Salvator. 
References
  • Ahmad, Norhayati; Eddie Ahmad, Mahathir Ratag, Edward Asrul Alimin Sinon, Brandon Don, Francer Francis, Muhammad Ridzuan Mahmod, Amshari Agimin, Daicus Belabut 2019. Amphibians and Reptiles of Imbak Canyon Study Centre and Batu Timbang Camp. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 16: 25–33
  • Allain, S. J. R. and Goodman, M. J. 2020. An incidence of road mortality in the Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 26: 219-220. - get paper here
  • Amarasinghe, A. A. T., G. Chathuranga and D. M. S. S. Karunarathna 2009. Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) in Rathgama lagoon in Galle District, Sri Lanka. Biawak 3 (3): 81-84
  • Anonymous. 2025. About Our Cover: Varanus salvator. Herpetological Review 55 (2): 308. [2024]
  • ARDIANTINO, LAJI UTYOY, AISYAH ARIMBI & FAHRUDIN SURAHMANT 2017. Record of a Water Monitor with a Foreign Bone Protruding from its Tympanum. Biawak 11 (1): 15–18 - get paper here
  • Augstenová, Barbora, Eleonora Pensabene, Lukáš Kratochvíl, and Michail Rovatsos. 2021. Cytogenetic Evidence for Sex Chromosomes and Karyotype Evolution in Anguimorphan Lizards. Cells 10, no. 7: 1612 - get paper here
  • Auliya, M. 2006. Taxonomy, Life History, and conservation of giant reptiles in west Kalimantan. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 432 pp. - get paper here
  • Badli-Sham, B.H., Ayob, M., Halim, M.F.A., Mustafa, S.K., Ismail, N.F., Andam, J., Belabut, D.M. & Ahmad, A.B. 2019. HERPETOFAUNA IN SOUTHERN PART OF PULAU TIOMAN, PAHANG, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Journal of Wildlife and Parks, 34: 23-38 (2019) 23 - get paper here
  • Baier, F. 2005. Herpetologische Reiseeindrücke aus Sri Lanka. Elaphe 13 (4): 59-64
  • Barbour, Thomas 1932. nan Proc. New England zool. Club 13: 1
  • Bauer, A.M.; Günther,R. & Klipfel,M. 1995. The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C.H. Peters (1815-1883). SSAR Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology, 714 pp.
  • Bauer, Aaron M. and Rainer Günther 2013. Origin and identity of the von Borcke collection of amphibians and reptiles in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin: A cache of Seba specimens? Zoosystematics and Evolution 89 (1): 167–185 - get paper here
  • Bennett, Daniel 1995. The water monitor Varanus salvator. Reptilian 3 (8): 15-21
  • Bennett, Daniel 1998. Monitor Lizards Natural History, Biology and Husbandry. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt - get paper here
  • Bhattacharya, Shreya and André Koch 2018. Effects of Traditional Beliefs Leading to Conservation of Water Monitor Lizards (Varanus salvator) and Threatened Marshlands in West Bengal, India. Herp. Cons. Biol. 13 (2): 408–414 - get paper here
  • Bhattarai S., Gurung A., Lamichhane BR., Regmi R., Dhungana M., Kumpakha B. and Subedi N. 2020. Amphibians and Reptiles of Chure Range, Nepal. President Chure Terai-Madhesh Conservation Development Board and National Trust for Nature Conservation, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
  • Bhupathy, S., Ramesh Kumar, S., Paramanandham, J., Thirumalainathan, P. and Pranjit Kumar Sarma 2013. Conservation of reptiles in Nagaland, India. In: K. K. Singh et al. (editors), Bioresources and Traditional Knowledge of Northeast India, Mizo Post-Graduate Science Society, pp. 181-186
  • Blyth, E. 1846. Notes on the fauna of the Nicobar islands. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 15: 367-379 - get paper here
  • Bobrov V.V., Semenov D.V. 2008. Lizards of Vietnam [in Russian]. Moscow, 236 pp.
  • Bochaton, Corentin; Martin Ivanov and Julien Claude 2019. Osteological criteria for the specific identification of Monitor lizards (Varanus Merrem, 1820) remains in subfossil deposits of Sundaland and continental Southeast Asia. Amphibia-Reptilia 40 (2): 219–232 - get paper here
  • Böhme, W. 2002. Langjährige Haltung und Altersrekord eines Bindenwarans, Varanus salvator (LAURENTI 1768) im Terrarium: zweithöchstes belegtes individuelles Lebensalter eines Vertreters der Varanidae. Herpetofauna 24 (141): 26-28 - get paper here
  • Böhme, W. & Koch, A. 2010. On the type selection and re-typification of two monitor lizard taxa (Squamata: Varanidae): Monitor bivittatus celebensis Schlegel, 1844 and Monitor kordensis Meyer, 1874; with some comments and corrections on other name-bearing type specimens. Zootaxa 2440: 60–68 - get paper here
  • Böhme, Wolfgang 2014. Herpetology in Bonn. Mertensiella 21. vi + 256 pp. - get paper here
  • Bonetti, Mathilde 2002. 100 Sauri. Mondadori (Milano), 192 pp. - get paper here
  • Bong Heang, Kiew 1987. An annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of Ulu Endau, Johore, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 41 (2-3): 413-423.
  • BORDEN, R. 2007. Varanus salvator (Asian Water Monitor) Migration. Biawak 1 (2): 84 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, George A. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp. - get paper here
  • Branch, W. R. 1982. Hemipeneal Morphology of Platynotan Lizards. Journal of Herpetology 16 (1): 16-38 - get paper here
  • BRIGGS-GONZALEZ, VENETIA; PAUL EVANS, CASSIDY KLOVANISH & FRANK J. MAZZOTTI. 2022. A Species Bioprofile for the Asian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator). Southeastern Naturalist 21(3): 187–210. - get paper here
  • Bringsøe, H. 2021. Herpetologische Nachweise aus Bang Lang, Südthailand, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der colubriden Schlangen Boiga bengkuluensis Orlov, Kudryavtzev, Ryabov & Shumakov, 2003 und Oligodon signatus (Günther, 1864). Sauria 43 (4): 13-30 - get paper here
  • Bringsøe, H. 2022. Herpetologiske iagttagelser i Khao Pu Khao Ya i Sydthailand. Nord. Herpet. Foren. 62(1): 2-20 - get paper here
  • Brown, R.M.; McGuire, J.A.; Ferner,J.W.; Icarangal Jr., N. & Kennedy, R.S. 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Luzon island, II: preliminary report on the herptofauna of Aurora Memorial national Park, Philippines. Hamadryad 25 (2): 175-195 - get paper here
  • Brown, Rafe M.; Ferner, John W.; Sison, Rogelio V.; Gonzales, Pedro C.; Kennedy, Robert S. 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of the Zambales Mountains of Luzon Island, Republic of the Philippines. Herpetological Natural History 4 (1): 1-22
  • Brygoo, E. R. 1987. Les types de Varanides (Reptiles, Sauriens) du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Catalogue critique. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e ser., 9, sect. A (Zool., BioI. & Ecol. anim.), (2), supplement, 21-38.
  • BUCKLITSCH, YANNICK; WOLFGANG BÖHME, ANDRÉ KOCH 2016. Scale Morphology and Micro-Structure of Monitor Lizards (Squamata: Varanidae: Varanus spp.) and their Allies: Implications for Systematics, Ecology, and Conservation. . Zootaxa 4153 (1): 001–192 - get paper here
  • Cantor. T. E. 1847. Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. J Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Calcutta. 16 (2): 607 - 656, 897-952, 1026 - 1078 - get paper here
  • Chaiprasertsri, Nampech; Yoshinobu Uno, Surin Peyachoknagul, Ornjira Prakhongcheep, Sudarath Baicharoen, Saranon Charernsuk, Chizuko Nishida, Yoichi Matsuda, Akihiko Koga, and Kornsorn Srikulnath 2013. Highly Species-Specific Centromeric Repetitive DNA Sequences in Lizards: Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of a Novel Family of Satellite DNA Sequences Isolated from the Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator macromaculatus, Platynota). J Hered (2013) 104 (6): 798-806 doi:10.1093/jhered/est061 - get paper here
  • Chan-ard, T., Parr, J.W.K. & Nabhitabhata, J. 2015. A field guide to the reptiles of Thailand. Oxford University Press, NY, 352 pp. [see book reviews by Pauwels & Grismer 2015 and Hikida 2015 for corrections] - get paper here
  • Chan-ard,T.; Grossmann,W.; Gumprecht,A. & Schulz,K. D. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles of peninsular Malaysia and Thailand - an illustrated checklist [bilingual English and German]. Bushmaster Publications, Würselen, Gemany, 240 pp. [book review in Russ. J Herp. 7: 87] - get paper here
  • Chetruengchai W, Singchat W, Srichomthong C, Assawapitaksakul A, Srikulnath K, Ahmad SF, Phokaew C and Shotelersuk V 2022. Genome of Varanus salvator macromaculatus (Asian Water Monitor) Reveals Adaptations in the Blood Coagulation and Innate Immune System. Front. Ecol. Evol. 10:850817 - get paper here
  • Cook-Price DR, Makchai S, Naithani A, Pawangkhanant P, Suwanwaree P 2025. Lizard survey of Ko Pha-gnan in the Surat Thani Province, Thailand. Biodiversity Data Journal 13: e154712 - get paper here
  • Cornejo-Páramo, P., Lira-Noriega, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C. et al. 2020. Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation. BMC Evol Biol 20: 103 - get paper here
  • Cota, M. & Sommerlad, R. 2013. Notes and Observations on the Fish Prey of Varanus salvator macromaculatus (Reptilia: Squamata: Varanidae) in Thailand with a Review of the Fish Prey of the Varanus salvator Complex known to Date. Biawak 7 (2): 63 - get paper here
  • Cota, M.; Chan-ard, T. & Makchai, S. 2009. Geographical Distribution and Regional Variation of Varanus salvator macromaculatus in Thailand. Biawak 3 (4): 134-143 - get paper here
  • COTA, MICHAEL 2011. Burrows With Underwater Entrances, Water-filled Entrances, and Nocturnal Retirement of Varanus salvator macromaculatus in Thailand. Biawak 5 (3): 44-47
  • Cox, Merel J.; Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Jarujin Nabhitabhata & Thirakhupt,Kumthorn 1998. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Ralph Curtis Publishing, 144 pp.
  • CURRIN, Charles 2016. Recent reptiles records from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand. SEAVR 2016: 117-120 - get paper here
  • Cuvier, G. 1831. The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization, by the Baron Cuvier, ... with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith... and others. Vol. 9. Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London, 481 pp. - get paper here
  • Cuvier, G. J. L. N. F. D. 1829. Le Regne Animal Distribué, d'apres son Organisation, pur servir de base à l'Histoire naturelle des Animaux et d'introduction à l'Anatomie Comparé. Nouvelle Edition [second edition]. Vol. 2. Les Reptiles. Déterville, Paris, i-xvi, 1-406 - get paper here
  • Das , I. 2004. Lizards of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Borneo
  • Das, Indraneil 1988. New evidence of the occurrence of water monitor (Varanus salvator) in Meghalaya. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86: 253-255 - get paper here
  • Das, Indraneil & Abhijit Das 2017. A Naturalist’s Guide to the Reptiles of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. John Beaufoy Publishing Ltd., Oxford, 176 pp.
  • Dau V, Hoang T, Nguyen T, Pham A 2024. New records and an updated list of reptiles from Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. Biodiversity Data Journal 12: e134976 - get paper here
  • Davis, Hayden R.; L. Lee Grimser, Anthony J. Cobos, Matthew L. Murdoch, Alexandra X. Sumarli, Sharual Anuar, M. A. Muin, Perry Wood, Jr., Evan S. H. Quah 2018. Checklist of the Herpetofauna of Hutan Lipur Gunung Senyum, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Russ. J. Herpetol. 25 (3): 207-220 - get paper here
  • de Rooij, N. de 1915. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosauria. Leiden (E. J. Brill), xiv + 384 pp. - get paper here
  • Deraniyagala, P. E. P. 1944. Four New Races of the ''Kabaragoya'' Lizard Varanus salvator. Spolia Zeylanica 24: 59-62
  • Dryden, G.L.; Wirkamanayake, E.D. 1991. Space and Time Sharing by Varanus salvator and Varanus bengalensis in Sri Lanka. Mertensiella, Suppl. Salamandra (2): 111-119
  • DU, Yu; Longhui LIN; Yuntao YAO; Chixian LIN; Xiang JI 2014. Body Size and Reproductive Tactics in Varanid lizards. Asian Herpetological Research 5 (4): 263-270 doi 10.3724/SP.J.1245.2014.00263 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M. C. and G. Bibron. 1836. Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 3. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 528 pp. - get paper here
  • Dwyer, Q. & Perez, M. 2007. Husbandry and reproduction of the Black Water Monitor, Varanus salvator komaini. Biawak 1 (1): 13-20 - get paper here
  • DWYER, Q. and M. PEREZ 2007. Varanus salvator komaini (Black Water Monitor) Reproduction. Biawak 1 (2): 89 - get paper here
  • Earley, Ryan L.; Omar Attum, Perri Eason 2002. Varanid combat: perspectives from game theory. Amphibia-Reptilia 23 (4): 469-485 - get paper here
  • Erdelen, W. 1991. Conservation and Population Ecology of Monitor Lizards: the Water Monitor Varanus salvator on Southern Sumatra. Mertensiella, Suppl. Salamandra (2): 120-135
  • Ferner, John W., Rafe M. Brown, Rogelio V. Sison and Robert S. Kennedy 2000. The amphibians and reptiles of Panay Island, Philippines. Asiatic Herpetological Research 9: 1-37 - get paper here
  • FIGUEROA, ALEX; MARTYN E.Y. LOW, KELVIN K.P. LIM 2023. Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution. Zootaxa 5287 (1): 001–378 - get paper here
  • FITZIMONS, JAMES & JANELLE THOMAS 2016. Feeding Behavior of an Asian Water Monitor Varanus salvator macromaculatus on a Borneen Bearded Pig Sus barbatus barbatus Carcass. Biawak 10 (2): 48 - get paper here
  • Franco, R. 2007. Varanus salvator (Asian Water monitor). Palawan, Philippines. Biawak 1 (1): 41 - get paper here
  • FRÝDLOVÁ, PETRA and DANIEL FRYNTA 2010. A test of Rensch’s rule in varanid lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 100: 293–306 - get paper here
  • Gaulke M. 1999. Die Herpetofauna von Calauit Island (Calamianes-Inseln, Provinz Palawan, Philippinen) (Amphibia et Reptilia). Faun. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 21 (19): 273-282
  • Gaulke, M. 1986. Über die Situation des Bindenwarans (Varanus salvator nuchalis) auf Negros, Philippinen. Herpetofauna 8 (44): 16-18 - get paper here
  • Gaulke, M. 1989. Beitrag zur Diskussion über das Geschlechterverhältnis der Warane am Beispiel des Bindenwarans Varanus salvator (LAURENTI, 1768). Salamandra 25 (3-4): 260-264 - get paper here
  • Gaulke, M. 1991. On the Diet of the Water Monitor Varanus salvator in the Philippines. Mertensiella, Suppl. Salamandra (2): 143-153
  • Gaulke, M. 2001. Die Herpetofauna von Sibaliw (Panay), einem der letzten Tieflandregenwaldgebiete der West-Visayas, Philippinen. Teil III. Echsen und Diskussion. Herpetofauna 23 (132): 5-18 - get paper here
  • Gaulke, Maren 1989. Zur Biologie des Bindenwaranes, unter Berücksichtgung der paläogeographischen Verbreitung und der phylogenetischen Entwicklung der Varanidae. Courier Forschungsinsitut Senckenberg (112): 1-241
  • Gaulke, Maren 1991. Systematic relationships of the Philippine water monitors as compared with Varanus s. salvator, with a discussion of dispersal routes. Mertensiella 2: 154-167
  • Gaulke, Maren 1992. Distribution, population density, and exploitation of the water monitor (Varanus salvator) in the Philippines. Hamadryad 17: 21-27 - get paper here
  • Gaulke, Maren 1992. Taxonomy and biology of Philippine water monitors (Varanus salvator). Philipppine Journal of Science 121(4): 345-381
  • Gaulke, Maren 2001. Varanus salvator nuchalis, eine wenig bekannte Unterart des Bindenwarans. Draco 7:42-49 - get paper here
  • Gaulke, Maren;de Silva, Anslem 1997. Monitor lizards of Sri Lanka: Preliminary investigations on their population structure. Lyriocephalus 3 (1): 1-5
  • Geissler, P., Hartmann, T., Ihlow, F., Neang T., Seng R., Wagner, P. & Bohme, W. 2019. Herpetofauna of the Phnom Kulen National Park, northern Cambodia—An annotated checklist. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2019 (1): 40–63 - get paper here
  • Ghose, Animesh, Evan Arambul, Jonathan Hakim, Erin Trageser, Scott Trageser, Ash Wiscovitz, Shahriar caesar Rahman, Lachlan Gilding, Max Jackson and Dean Lambert. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Varanus salvator (common water monitor). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 571 - get paper here
  • Glässer-Trobisch, Andrea & Dietmar Trobisch 2023. Bei Reisbauern in Ostjava – auf der Suche nach der Gestreiften Fischnatter (Xenochrophis vittatus). Elaphe 2023 (6): 54
  • Gorgoza 1888. nan Ann. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 17: 275
  • Gramentz, D. 2008. Einige Bemerkungen zur Ökologie und zum Verhalten von Varanus salvator (LAURENTI, 1768) im Südwesten von Sri Lanka. Sauria 30 (3): 13-20 - get paper here
  • Gramentz, D. 2010. Zur Wahl des Ruheplatzes von Varanus salvator (LAURENTI, 1768) an einem Flussufer in Sri Lanka. Sauria 32 (1): 55-58 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1845. Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of die British Museum/Edward Newman, London: xxvii + 289 pp. - get paper here
  • GRISMER, L. LEE; & EVAN S. H. QUAH 2019. An updated and annotated checklist of the lizards of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and their adjacent archipelagos. Zootaxa 4545 (2): 230–248 - get paper here
  • Grismer, L. Lee; Thy Neang, Thou Chav, Perry L. Wood, Jr., Jamie R. Oaks, Jeremy Holden, Jesse L. Grismer, Thomas R. Szutz and Timothy M. Youmans 2008. Additional amphibians and reptiles from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary in Northwestern Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia, with comments on their taxonomy and the discovery of three new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (1): 161-175 - get paper here
  • Grismer, L.L. 2011. Lizards of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and their adjacent archipelagos. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 728 pp. [review in Herp. Rev. 43: 155] - get paper here
  • Grismer, L.L. 2011. Amphibians and reptiles of the Seribuat Archipelago. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 239 pp.
  • GRISMER, L.L. & JACOB SMITH 2023. Additions to the herpetofauna of Hon Son Island, Rach Gia Bay, Kien Giang Province, southern Vietnam with a discussion of syntopy between the granite cave-adapted Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus eisenmanae and a new Cyrtodactylus of uncertain taxonomic status. Zootaxa 5346 (3): 307–316 - get paper here
  • Grismer, L.L., Neang, T., Chav, T. & Grismer, J.L. 2008. Checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Cardamom region of Southwestern Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2008(1): 12–28 - get paper here
  • Grismer, L.L.; Youmans, T.M.; Wood, P.L. & Grismer, J.L. 2006. Checklist of the herpetofauna of the Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia with comments on biogeography, natural history, and adaptive types. Raffles Bull. Zool. 54 (1): 157-180 - get paper here
  • GUERRERO-SANCHEZ, SERGIO; RICHARD BURGER, MOHD SHAH FITRI BIN ROSLI, NAZRUL BIN MOH NATSYIR, ROSLEE BIN RAHMAN, SILVESTER SAIMIN, PABLO OROZCO-TERWENGEL & BENOIT GOOSSENS. 2021. Homing: a case-study on the spatial memory of the Asian water monitor lizard Varanus salvator in the Kinabatangan floodplain. The Herpetological Bulletin (158). - get paper here
  • Gumprecht, A. 2007. Die Insel der Warane [Ko Rok, Thailand]. Reptilia (Münster) 12 (65): 72-83 - get paper here
  • Günther, A. 1872. On two species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1872: 145-146 - get paper here
  • Hakim, J., Trageser, S. J., Ghose, A., Rashid, S. M. A., & Rahman, S. C. 2020. Amphibians and reptiles from Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh. Check List, 16: 1239 - get paper here
  • HAMANAKA, K; T. KURITA, K. ETO, T. MORIKAWA, E. Q. DEKA, N. ATIRA ALAUDIN, M. M. AGOH, I. FUKUYAMA, T. TOKUYAMA, T. HINO, R. FUKUYAMA, K. FUJISHIMA, T. IJICHI, K. NISHIKAWA, R. ZAINUDIN and M.Y. HOSSMAN 2019. An update of herpetofauna in Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia with a critical review Malayan Nature Journal 71(2), 163-173 - get paper here
  • Hennig, A.S. 2005. Freilandbeobachtungen an Bindenwaranen in Sri Lanka. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (55): 3 - get paper here
  • Herlambang, A. E., Riyanto, A., Munir, M., Hamidy, A., Kimura, K., Eto, K., & Mumpuni, M. 2022. AFTER 16 YEARS: AN UPDATE CHECKLIST OF HERPETOFAUNA ON THE NATUNA ISLANDS, INDONESIA. TREUBIA, 49(2), 67-84 - get paper here
  • Hien,P. Grossmann,W. & Schäfer, C. 2001. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der landbewohnenden Reptilienfauna von Pulau Tioman, West-Malaysia. Sauria 23 (4): 11-28 - get paper here
  • Horn, H.-G. 1994. Der Ritualkampf von Varanus salvator cumingi. Herpetofauna 16 (92): 27-30 - get paper here
  • Husson, S.J.; S.H. Limin, Adul, N.S. Boyd, J.J. Brousseau, S. Collier, S.M. Cheyne, L.J. D’Arcy, R.A. Dow, N.W. Dowds, M.L. Dragiewicz, D.A. Ehlers Smith, Iwan, Hendri, P.R. Houlihan, K.A. Jeffers, B.J.M. Jarrett, I.P. Kulu, H.C. Morrogh-Bernard, S.E 2018. Biodiversity of the Sebangau tropical peat swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo. Mires and Peat 22 (05): 1–50 - get paper here
  • Iannucci, Alessio; Marie Altmanová, Claudio Ciofi, Malcolm Ferguson-Smith, Massimo Milan, Jorge Claudio Pereira, James Pether, Ivan Rehák, Michail Rovatsos, Roscoe Stanyon, Petr Velenský, Petr Ráb, Lukáš Kratochvíl & Martina Johnson Pokorná 2019. Conserved sex chromosomes and karyotype evolution in monitor lizards (Varanidae). Heredity 123, 215–227 - get paper here
  • Irfansyah Lubis, M.; Wempy Endarwin, Septiantina D. Riendriasari,<br />Suwardiansah, Adininggar U. Ul-Hasanah, Feri Irawan, Hadijah Aziz K., and<br />Akmal Malawi 2008. CONSERVATION OF HERPETOFAUNA IN BANTIMURUNG BULUSARAUNG NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA. Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor, Final Report - get paper here
  • Islam, Mazedul & Prasanta Kumar Saikia 2013. Inventory and Natural History of Lizards in Jeypore Rerserve Forest, Assam. Reptile Rap (15): 16-26 - get paper here
  • Jayaneththi, Hareschandra Bandula 2015. Vertebrate fauna of Morankanda-Mukalana secondary forest patch in Sri Lanka: A checklist reported from 2004-2008 survey. RUHUNA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 6: 21- 41 - get paper here
  • Jones, M. & Smith, S. N. 2017. Predation and Feeding Behaviour of Varanus salvator macromaculatus on the Asian Swamp Eel (Fluta alba) in Lumpini Park, Bangkok, Thailand. Captive & Field Herpetology 1 (1): 1-5 - get paper here
  • Kaiser, H., D. Taylor, S. Heacox, P. Landry, C. Sanchez, A. V. Ribeiro, L. L. de Araujo et al. 2013. Conservation education in a post-conflict country: five herpetological case studies in Timor-Leste. Salamandra 49 (2): 74-86 - get paper here
  • Karunarathna, D. M. S. S., A. A. T. Amarasinghe and A. De Vos 2008. Preliminary notes on the Monitor Lizards (Family: Varanidae) within the National Zoological Gardens (NZG) Dehiwala, Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Biawak 2 (3): 109-118
  • Karunarathna, D.M.S. SURANJAN; A.A. THASUN AMARASINGHE and E.M. KASUN B.KANAYAKE 2008. Observed Predation on a Suckermouth Catfi sh (Hypostomus plecostomus) by a Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) in Bellanwila-Attidiya Sanctuary. Biawak 2 (1): 37-39
  • Karunarathna, D.M.S. SURANJAN; A.A. THASUN AMARASINGHE, MAJINTHA B. MADAWALA & H.K. DUSHANTHA KANDAMBI 2012. Population Status of Two Varanus species (Reptilia: Sauria: Varanidae) in Sri Lanka’s Puttalam Lagoon System, with Notes on their Diet and Conservation Status. Biawak 6 (1): 22-33 - get paper here
  • Karunarathna, Dissanayaka M. S. S.; Thilina D. Surasinghe, Mahesh C. De Silva, Majintha B. Madawala, Dinesh E. Gabadage & Welathant Hrige M. S. Botejue 2015. Dietary habits of Varanus salvator salvator in Sri Lanka with a new record of predation on an introduced clown knifefish, Chitala ornata. Herpetological Bulletin (133) - get paper here
  • Karunarathna, Suranjan D. M. S. and A. A. Thasun Amarasinghe 2011. A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE REPTILE FAUNA IN NILGALA FOREST AND ITS VICINITY, MONARAGALA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA. Taprobanica 3 (2): 69-76 - get paper here
  • Kasper K, Schweikhard J, Lehmann M, Ebert CL, Erbe P, Wayakone S, Nguyen TQ, Le MD, Ziegler T 2020. The extent of the illegal trade with terrestrial vertebrates in markets and households in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. Nature Conservation 41: 25–45 - get paper here
  • Kelaart, EDWARD FRED 1854. Catalogue of reptiles collected in Ceylon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 13: 137-140 - get paper here
  • KENNEDI, UMAR F.; MIRZA D. KUSRINI, ANI MARDIASTUTI, AND ACHMAD ARIEFIANDY 2021. THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN KOMODO NATIONAL PARK AND THE SURROUNDING AREA. Media Konservasi 26 (3): 217-230; DOI: 10.29244/medkon.26.3.217-230 - get paper here
  • Kiat, C.E. 2007. Feral Iguana attacks Varanus salvator at sungei Buloh Wetland reserve. Biawak 1 (1): 35-36 - get paper here
  • Koch A, Ziegler T, Böhme W, Arida E, Auliya M. 2013. Pressing Problems: Distribution, Threats, and Conservation Status of the Monitor Lizards (Varanidae: Varanus spp.) of Southeast Asia and the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Herp. Cons. Biol. 8 (Monograph 3): 1 − 62. - get paper here
  • Koch, A. 2012. Discovery, Diversity, and Distribution of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Sulawesi and its offshore islands. Edition Chimaira, 374 pp. [ISBN 978-3-89973-432-4] - get paper here
  • Koch, A. & Böhme, W. 2005. Die Herpetofauna Sulawesis unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung Varanus: phylogeographische Beziehungen zu angrenzenden Gebieten - das Projekt stellt sich vor. Elaphe 13 (4): 43-46
  • KOCH, A. and G. ACCIAIOLI 2007. The Monitor Twins: A Bugis and Makassarese Tradition from SW Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biawak 1 (2): 77-82 - get paper here
  • Koch, A., Auliya, M; Schmitz, A.; Kuch, U. & Böhme, W. 2007. Morphological studies on the systematics of south east Asian water monitors (Varanus salvator Complex): nominotypic populations and taxonomic overview. Mertensiella 16:109-180
  • Koch, André 2010. Bestialische Behandlung indonesischer Großreptilien für westliche Luxusprodukte. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (86): 3-6 - get paper here
  • Koch, André and Wolfgang Böhme 2010. Heading East: a New Subspecies of Varanus salvator from Obi Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia, with a Discussion about the Easternmost Natural Occurrence of Southeast Asian Water Monitor Lizards. Russ. J. Herpetol. 17 (4): 299-309 - get paper here
  • Koch, André, Evy A. Arida and Wolfgang Böhme 2007. Zwischenbericht über die Herpetofauna Sulawesis unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung Varanus: phylogeographische Beziehungen zu angrenzenden Gebieten. Elaphe 15 (3):42-52
  • Kopstein, F. 1938. Ein Beitrag zur Eierkunde und zur Fortpflanzung der Malaiischen Reptilien. Bull. Raffles Mus. No 14: 81-167
  • Kratzer, H. 1973. Beobachtungen über die Zeitigungsdauer eines Eigeleges von Varanus salvator (Sauria, Varanidae). Salamandra 9 (1): 27-33 - get paper here
  • Krysko, K.K.; Enge, K.M.; Donlan, E.M.; Golden, E.Z.; Burgess, J.P. & Larson, K.W. 2009. THE NON-MARINE HERPETOFAUNA OF KEY BISCAYNE, FLORIDA. Herp. Cons. Biol. 5 (1):132-142 - get paper here
  • Kuhl,H. 1820. Beiträge zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie. Hermannsche Buchhandlung, Frankfurt, 152 pp. - get paper here
  • Kurniawan, N., Septiadi, L., Fathoni, M., & Muammar, A. 2022. A Checklist of the Herpetofauna of Nusa Kambangan Island, Central Java, Indonesia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 33(2): 91–131 - get paper here
  • Lagat, Ronaldo D. and Rubie M. Causaren 2019. Initial terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 12 (2): 70-91 - get paper here
  • Lalremsanga, H.T., L. Khawlhring & Lalrotluanga 2010. Three additional lizard (Squamata: Sauria) records for Mizoram, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2(2): 718-720 - get paper here
  • Lantermann, W. 2004. Bindenwarane (Varanus salvator) auf Sri Lanka. Elaphe 12 (2): 72-74
  • Laurenti, J. N. 1768. Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austracorum, quod authoritate et consensu. Vienna, Joan. Thomae, 217 pp. - get paper here
  • LAWTON, DOUGLAS; DENI PARLINDUNGAN, ARIYOGA PRATAMA, PANI ASWIN, PAUZI JUNDARA, RAHMAD DARMAWAN, ACENG RUYANI CATHERINE E. MATTHEWS & ANN SOMERS 2018. Living Among Water Monitors: An Exploratory Study of an Urban Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) Population in Bengkulu, Indonesia. Biawak 12 (1): - get paper here
  • Lei, Juan; David T. Booth, Mohd Uzair Rusli & Zhengwang Zhang 2021. Spatial Ecology of Asian Water Monitors Adjacent to a Sea Turtle Nesting Beach. Zoological Science Feb 2021 Vol. 38, No. 1: 1-7 - get paper here
  • Lenz, Norbert 2012. Von Schmetterlingen und Donnerdrachen - Natur und Kultur in Bhutan. Karlsruher Naturhefte 4, Naturkundemuseum Karlsruhe, 124 pp.
  • Leo S, Suherman M, Permatasari A, Suganda D, Zulamri, Winarni NL. 2020. Herpetofauna diversity in Zamrud National Park, Indonesia: baseline checklist for a Sumatra peat swamp forest ecosystem. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 14(2) [General Section]: 250–263 (e249) - get paper here
  • Lesson, R.P. 1831. Reptiles. pp. 291-336, pls. 1-7. In: I.G.S. Bélanger (ed.), Voyage aux Indes-Orientales, par le Nord de l'Europe, les Provinces du Caucase, la Géorgie, l'Armenie, et la Perse, . . . pendant les années 1825-29. Zoologie. A. Bertrand, Paris. xxxix + 535 p. [published in sections from 1831-1834] - get paper here
  • Lim, K.K.P. & Ng, H.H. 1999. The terrestrial herpetofauna of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bull. Zool., Suppl. No. 6: 131-155 - get paper here
  • Lisle, H.F. de 2007. Observations on Varanus s. salvator in North Sulawesi. Biawak 1 (2): 59-66 - get paper here
  • Lisle, H.F. de 2009. Catalog of the genus Varanus (Reptilia: Squamata: Varanidae) with new designations of a neotype and a lectotype. [type catalogue] ZooNova 1 (2): 8-32 - get paper here
  • Madawala, Majintha; Thilina D Surasinghe, Anslem De Silva, Dinesh Gabadage, Madhava Botejue, Indika Peabotuwage, Dushantha Kandambi, Suranjan Karunarathna 2019. Reappraisal of Herpetofauna Recorded from Jaffna Peninsula in Northern Sri Lanka with Remarks on Conservation, Diversity, and Distribution. Russ. J. Herpetol. 26 (5): 247-260 - get paper here
  • Madushanka, Shashi; Chandimal Ranathunga 2019. BIODIVERSITY BASELINE SURVEY: MOUNT K ADVENTURE RESORT, MADAMPE - RATHNAPURA. Mount K Resort, 30 pp. - get paper here
  • Mahony, Stephen; Md. Kamrul Hasan, Md. Mofizul Kabir, Mushfiq Ahmed and Md. Kamal Hossain. 2009. A catalogue of amphibians and reptiles in the collection of Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Hamadryad 34 (1): 80 – 94 - get paper here
  • Majumder, Joydeb; Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee, Koushik Majumdar, Chiranjib Debnath and Basant Kumar Agarwala 2012. Documentation of herpetofaunal species richness in Tripura, northeast India. NeBIO 3 (1): 60-70 - get paper here
  • Majumder, R. 2022. HERPETOFAUNAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN AN AGRO-ECOSYSTEM IN THE GANGETIC PLAIN OF EASTERN INDIA. Zoology and Ecology 32(2): 122–132 - get paper here
  • Malkmus, R.; Manthey, U.; Vogel, G. Hoffmann, P. & Kosuch, J. 2002. Amphibians and reptiles of Mount Kinabalu (North Borneo). A.R.G. Ganther Verlag, Rugell, 404 pp.
  • Malsawmdawngliana, B. Boruah, N.G. Patel, S. Lalronunga, I. Zosangliana, K. Lalhmangaiha & A. Das 2022. An updated checklist of reptiles from Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India, with sixteen new distribution records. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(10): 21946–21960 - get paper here
  • Manthey, U. 1981. Die Echsen des Ceylonischen Regenwaldes und seiner Randgebiete. Sauria 3 (2): 25-35 - get paper here
  • Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. 1997. Amphibien & Reptilien Südostasiens. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 512 pp. (ISBN 3-931587-12-6) - get paper here
  • MANTHEY, U. & S. MANTHEY 2017. Amphibien und Reptilien von Laos – ein Reisebericht Teil 2: Lao Pako & Luang Namtha mit einem Abstecher nach Xishuangbanna, China (Feb./März 2003). Sauria 39 (3): 3-24 - get paper here
  • MARDIASTUTI, ANI & MIRZA D. KUSRINI. 2023. Kitten predation by a Water Monitor, Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1758) in an urban residential area Herpetology Notes 16: 653–655. - get paper here
  • Martin, W. 1839. [Remarks on two species of saurian reptiles]. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1838: 68-70 - get paper here
  • Mazumder, M. K., Choudhury, A. S., Barbhuiya, R. A., Chakravarty, H. and Barbhuiya, B. 2020. The ecology, distribution, status, threats, and conservation of the common water monitor (Varanus salvator) in the Dhaleswari River of Assam, India. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 14: 1-9.
  • McCurry MR, Mahony M, Clausen PD, Quayle MR, Walmsley CW, Jessop TS, et al. 2015. The Relationship between Cranial Structure, Biomechanical Performance and Ecological Diversity in Varanoid Lizards. PLoS One 10 (6): e0130625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130625 - get paper here
  • MEGANTARA, E. N., JAUHAN, J., SHANIDA, S. S., HUSODO, T., FAUZI, D. A., HENDRAWAN, R., WULANDARI, I. & YUANSAH, Y. 2022. Herpetofauna distribution in different land cover types of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(6) - get paper here
  • MENDYK, ROBERT W. 2011. Notes on the Malaysian “Black Dragon. Biawak 5 (3): 41-43
  • Mertens, R. 1876. nan Preuss. Exped. Ostas. Zool. 1: 196
  • Mertens, R. 1930. Die Amphibien und Reptilien der Inseln Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa und Flores. Senck. Naturf. Gesell., Frankfurt am Main, Abhandl. 42(3): 117-344.
  • Mertens, R. 1937. nan Senckenbergiana, 19: 178 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1942. Die Familie der Warane (Varanidae), 3. Teil: Taxonomie. Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., 466: 235-391
  • Mertens, R. 1959. Liste der Warane Asiens und der indo-australischen Inselwelt mit systematischen Bemerkungen. Senckenbergiana biologica 40: 221-240
  • Milto, K. D. 2025. Underestimated Herpetodiversity of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 32(1), 60-72 - get paper here
  • Milto, K.D. and O.S. Bezman-Moseyko 2021. Herpetofauna of the Maninjau caldera, West Sumatra, Indonesia, with special account to geckos. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science 325(4): 430–446. - get paper here
  • Milto, Konstantin D.; Yury A. Lukin 2020. A Revised Herpetofauna of Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Russian Journal of Herpetology 27 (6): 353-368 - get paper here
  • Mohalik, Rakeshkumar; Khan Ashaharraza, and Soham Chakraborty 2020. Predation on a Common Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) by a Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) in Malda, West Bengal, India. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 27 (1): 94–95 - get paper here
  • Müller, S. & Schlegel, H. 1844. OVER DE IN DEN INDISCHEN ARCHIPEL LEVENDE HAGEDISACHTIGE DIEREN VAN HET GESLACHT MONITOR. In: Temminck,V. (1839-1847) Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis ... pp. 37-47 - get paper here
  • Murthy, T.S.N. 2010. The reptile fauna of India. B.R. Publishing, New Delhi, 332 pp.
  • Ng, M. & Mendyk, R.W. 2012. Predation of an adult Malaysian water Monitor Varanus salvator macromaculatus by an Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus. Biawak 6 (1): 34 - get paper here
  • Ngo, H. N., Van Nguyen, T., Phan, T. Q., Nguyen, T. Q., & Ziegler, T. 2022. The herpetofauna of Hon Khoai Island, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam. Biodiversity Journal, 2022,13 (1): 3–17 - get paper here
  • Nguyen, S.V., Ho, C.T. and Nguyen, T.Q. 2009. Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 768 pp.
  • NiJMaN, ViNCENT 2015. Water Monitor Lizards Sold as Novelty Food in Java, indonesia. Biawak 9 (1): 28-32 - get paper here
  • NIJMAN, VINCENT 2016. Perceptions of Sundanese Men Towards the Consumption of Water Monitor Lizard Meat in West. Biawak 10 (1): 22 - get paper here
  • Nutaphand, W. 1987. Mangkorn Dam black monitor. J. Thai Zool. Center, 2 (15): 51
  • Onn, C.K.; Griserm, L.L.; Wood, P.L.; Grismer, J.L. & Ahmad, N. 2009. Preliminary Checklist of the Herpetofauna of Pulau Besar, Melaka, Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 20(1): 81–87
  • Onn, Chan Kin; J. van Rooijen, L. Lee Grismer, Daicus Belabut,, Mohd. Abdul Muin Md. Akil, Hamidi Jamaludin, Rick Gregory, and Norhayati Ahmad 2010. FIRST REPORT ON THE HERPETOFAUNA OF PULAU PANGKOR, PERAK, MALAYSIA. Russ. J. Herpetol. 17 (2): 139 – 146 - get paper here
  • ONN, CHAN KIN; L. LEE. GRISMER, DIONYSIUS S. SHARMA, DAICUS BELABUT, and NORHAYATI AHMA 2009. New herpetofaunal records for Perlis State Park and adjacent areas. Malayan Nature Journal 61 (4): 255 - 262
  • Oo, Sai Sein Lin & Paul Jeremy James Bates 2016. The rediscovery of the Common Water Monitor Lizard Varanus salvator (Squamata: Varanidae) in northern Myanmar. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8 (5): 8827–8828 - get paper here
  • Ott, T. 1997. Nachzuchtergebnisse von Varanus salvator. Elaphe 5 (4): 6-11
  • Pandav, Bivash 1993. A preliminary survey of the water monitor (Varanus salvator) in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa. Hamadryad 18: 49-51 - get paper here
  • Pauwels, O.S.G.; David, P.; Chimsunchart, C. & Thirakhupt, K. 2003. Reptiles of Phetchaburi Province, Western Thailand: a list of species, with natural history notes, and a discussion on the biogeography at the Isthmus of Kra. Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 3 (1): 23-53 - get paper here
  • Pauwels,O.S.G. et al. 2000. Herpetological investigations in Phang-Nga Province, southern Peninsular Thailand, with a list of reptile species and notes on their biology. Dumerilia 4 (2): 123-154 - get paper here
  • Pawlowski, S. & Krämer, C. 2008. In den Habitaten des Bindenwarans, Varanus salvator salvator (LAURENTI 1768) auf Sri Lanka. Elaphe 16 (4): 53-57
  • Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig 1872. Über einige von Hrn. Dr. A. B. Meyer bei Gorontalo und Auf den Togian-Inseln gesammelte Amphibien. Monatsber. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1872 (Juli): 581-585 - get paper here
  • Pham, V. A., Nguyen, Q. T., Tran, V. T., Le Duc, M., Nguyen, T. A., Nguyen, K. B. T., ... & Doan, T. N. M. 2023. Threatened Species of Amphibians and Reptiles from Son La Province and Their Conservation Values. VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences, 39(1) - get paper here
  • Pianka, E. R. and D. R. King, eds. 2004. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Indiana University Press, 599 pp - get paper here
  • Pianka, Eric R. 2012. Can humans share spaceship earth? Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 6 (1): 1-24 - get paper here
  • Purkayastha J. 2013. An Amateur’s Guide to Reptiles of Assam. EBH Publishers (India) - get paper here
  • QUAH, EVAN S.H.; SHAHRULANUAR, M.S., GRISMER, L.L., MOHD ABDUL MUIN, M.A.; CHAN, K.O. and GRISMER, J.L. 2011. Preliminary Checklist of the Herpetofauna of Jerejak Island, Penang, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 63 (3): 595-600
  • Rahman, K. M. Mijanur; Ilgizar Iliazovic Rakhimov & M. Monirul H. Khan 2017. Observation of a Varanus salvator consuming potentially dangerous waste refuse in Karamjal, Bangladesh Sundarbans mangrove forest. Herpetological Bulletin (139): - get paper here
  • RAMADHAN, MUHAMMAD KEMAL ARIQ NAUFAL & WIDYA PINTAKA BAYU PUTRA. 2022. Haplotype Diversity in the Partial Cytocrhome B (cytb) Gene of Water Monitor Lizards (Varanus salvator) at Peninsular Malaysia: A Short Communication. OISAA Journal of Indonesia Emas 5(2): 82–86. - get paper here
  • Rangasamy, V.; C. Sivaperuman, G. Gokulakrishnan, and P. Parthipan 2018. Herpetofauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. in: C. Sivaperuman, K. Venkataraman (eds.), Indian Hotspots, Springer, pp: 37-56 - get paper here
  • Rese, R. 1986. Der Kommentkampf bei Varanus salvator. Sauria 8 (2): 27-29 - get paper here
  • Rese, R. 1986. Varanus salvator cumingi MARTIN, 1838. Sauria 8 (3): 28-28 - get paper here
  • Rese, R. 1988. Beitrag zur Lebenserwartung von Grosswaranen in Gefangenschaft. Sauria 10 (1): 25-26 - get paper here
  • Reyes, M.A.P. 2008. The Monitor Lizards of Camiguin Island, Northern Philippines. Biawak 2 (1): 28-36 - get paper here
  • RIDHA, MOHAMMAD ALI; MIRZA DIKARI KUSRINI, ANI MARDIASTUTI & NANCY KARRAKER. 2021. The amphibians and reptiles of Rawa Aopa Watumohai national park, southeast Sulawesi. Media Konservasi 26 (2): 128–138. - get paper here
  • Romer, J.D. 1963. Occurrence of the Common Water Monitor, Varanus salvator (Laurenti), in Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society (8): 12
  • RU, CHOO YAN 2017. Malayan Water Monitor Varanus salvator scavenging a dead heron at Bangkok, Thailand. SEAVR 2017: 56-57 - get paper here
  • SACHA, M. 2015. Herpetoreisen in Thailand: Erste Eindrücke aus Krabi. Sauria 37 (3): 43-55 - get paper here
  • Sacha, Manuel 2021. Varanus salvator macromaculatus Deraniyagala, 1944 (Reptilia: Varanidae) im Lumpini-Park, Bangkok. Sauria 43 (3): 54-64
  • SAMARASINGHE, DINAL J. S.; ANDRÉ KOCH, SURENDRAN HARIKRISHNAN, KELUM MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI, MANISH CHANDI 2020. On the taxonomy and distribution of Varanus salvator andamanensis Deraniyagala, 1944 (Reptilia: Varanidae), including a redescription of the type specimens and a discussion about its allopatric co-occurrence with V. s. macromaculatus on the Nicobar Islands. Zootaxa 4743 (1): 61-74 - get paper here
  • Samarawickrama, V.A.M.P.K.; H.I.G.C. Kumara, D.R.N.S. Samarawickrama 2019. Diversity of Reptiles in the Eastern and Southern parts of the Sinharaja Rain Forest. Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment - get paper here
  • SIDDIQ, A. M., WIMBANINGRUM, R., SULISTIYOWATI, H., SETIAWAN, R., SETIAWAN, A., & WAHONO, N. D. 2024. A rapid survey of herpetofauna diversity in Bama coastal forest at Baluran National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 25(5)
  • Sieniawski, K & Somaweera, R; 2019. Varanus salvator (Asian Water Monitor) Deep diving. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 382-383 - get paper here
  • Smith, M.A. 1935. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptiles and Amphibia, Vol. II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London, 440 pp.
  • Somaweera, R. & Somaweera, N. 2009. Lizards of Sri Lanka: a colour guide with field keys. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 304 pp.
  • Sourav, M. S. H., Chowdhury, S. U. & Rahman, S. C. 2012. Geographic distribution: Varanus salvator (water monitor lizard). Herpetological Review 43: 619-620 - get paper here
  • SRICHAIRAT, NATTAWUT; WUT TAKSINTUM & PRAMOTE CHUMNANPUEN. 2022. Histological and histochemical studies of the gastrointestinal tract in the water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator). Acta Zoologica 103(3): 376–387. - get paper here
  • Stanner, Michael. 2012. Varanus salvator swallowing a catfish — another facet of the life-dinner principle? Hamadryad 36 (1): 38-41 - get paper here
  • Suzuki, Dai; Kengo Fuse, Mitsuhiro Aizu, Satoshi Yoshizawa, Wataru Tanaka, Kunio Araya, and Bounthob Praxaysombath 2015. Reptile Diversity in Food Markets in Laos. Current Herpetology 34 (2): 112-119 - get paper here
  • Syafiq, M. F., Badli-Sham, B. H., Aqmal-Naser, M., Fahmi-Ahmad, M., Quah, E. S., Grismer, L. L., & Ahmad, A. B. 2025. First checklist of the herpetofauna (Amphibia, Reptilia) of the Kapas and Gemia Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, South China Sea. Check List, 21(2), 268-281 - get paper here
  • Syafiq, Muhamad Fatihah; Baizul Hafsyam Badli-Sham, Noor-Shahirah Ibrahim, Lukman H. B. Ismail, Muhammad Afif Mohd Amin, Goh Shu Xian, Rabiatul ‘Aqilah Mohamad Ariffin, Muhammad Afiq-Suhaimi, Lok Kar Men, Dila Adilina Danelo, Mohamad Aqmal-Naser, Muh 2024. TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION, DIVERSITY, AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF REPTILIAN FAUNA AT SEKAYU LOWLAND FORESTS, TERENGGANU, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 31, No. 1, 2024, pp. 14 – 23 - get paper here
  • Taylor, E.H. 1953. A review of the lizards of Ceylon. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 35 (12): 1525-1585 - get paper here
  • Taylor, E.H. 1963. The lizards of Thailand. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 44: 687-1077. - get paper here
  • Teo, R.C.H. & Rajathurai, S. 1997. Mammals, reptiles and amphibians in the Nature Reserves of Singapore - diversity, abundance and distribution. Proc. Nature Reserves Survey Seminar. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 49: 353-425
  • TEYNIÉ, ALEXANDRE; PATRICK DAVID, & ANNEMARIE OHLER 2010. Note on a collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), with the description of a new species of the genus Bufo. Zootaxa 2416: 1–43 - get paper here
  • Theobald, William 1868. Catalogue of the reptiles of British Birma, embracing the provinces of Pegu, Martaban, and Tenasserim; with descriptions of new or little-known species. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 10: 4-67. - get paper here
  • TRIVALAIRAT, PORAMAD & SOMPOD SRIKOSAMATARA. 2023. Daily activities of water monitors (Varanus salvator macromaculatus Deraniyagala, 1944) in urban wetland, Bangkok, Thailand. Herpetozoa 36: 189–201. - get paper here
  • Uyeda, L. & Iskandar, E. 2014. Juvenile Varanus salvator Predation on a Common Skink (Sphenomorphus sp.). Biawak 8 (2): 64 - get paper here
  • Uyeda, L. et al. 2013. Nocturnal activity of Varanus salvator on Tinjil island, indonesia. Biawak 7 (1): 25 - get paper here
  • UYEDA, LINDA; ENTANG ISKANDAR, AZHARI PURBATRAPSILA, JOKO PAMUNGKAS, AARON WIRSING & RANDALL KYES 2014. Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) Satay: A Treatment for Skin Ailments in Muarabinuangeun and Cisiih, Indonesia. Biawak 8 (1): 35 - get paper here
  • Venugopal, P.D. 2010. An updated and annotated list of Indian lizards (Reptilia: Sauria) based on a review of distribution records and checklists of Indian reptiles. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2 (3): 725-738. - get paper here
  • Vogel, P. 1979. Innerartliche Auseinandersetzungen bei freilebenden Bindenwaranen (Varanus salvator) (Reptilia: Sauria: Varanidae). Salamandra 15 (2): 65-83 - get paper here
  • Wang K, Lyu ZT, Wang J, Qi S, Che J 2022. Updated Checklist and Zoogeographic Division of the Reptilian Fauna of Yunnan Province, China. Biodiversity Science 30 (4): 21326, 1–31 - get paper here
  • Wang, Kai; Jinlong Ren, Hongman Chen, Zhitong Lyu, Xianguang Guo Ke Jiang, Jinmin Chen, Jiatang Li, Peng Guo, Yingyong Wang, Jing Che 2020. The updated checklists of amphibians and reptiles of China. Biodiversity Science 28 (2): 189-218 - get paper here
  • Wanger, T. C., I. Motzke, S. Saleh & D. T. Iskandar 2011. The amphibians and reptiles of the Lore Lindu National Park area, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Salamandra 47 (1): 17-29 - get paper here
  • WCS 2024. Wildlife in Lao PDR, 2024 Status Report. Vientiane; Wildlife Conservation Society Lao PDR Program
  • Weijola, V.S.A. 2010. Geographical Distribution and Habitat Use of Monitor Lizards of the North Moluccas. Biawak 4 (1): 7-23 - get paper here
  • Welton, Luke J.; Perry L. Wood, Jamie R. Oaks, Cameron D. Siler, Rafe M. Brown 2014. Fossil-calibrated phylogeny and historical biogeography of Southeast Asian water monitors (Varanus salvator Complex). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - get paper here
  • Welton, Luke J.; SCOTT L. TRAVERS, CAMERON D. SILER, RAFE M. BROWN 2014. Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny-based species delimitation of Philippine water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator Complex) with descriptions of two new cryptic species. Zootaxa 3881 (3): 201–227 - get paper here
  • Whitaker, Rom 1981. Bangladesh - Monitors and turtles. Hamadryad 6 (3): 7-9 - get paper here
  • Wickramasinghe, L.J. MENDIS; L.D.C. BHATHIYA KEKULANDALA, P.I. KUMARA PEABOTUWAGE and D.M.S. SURANJAN KARUNARATHNA, 2010. A Remarkable Feeding Behavior and a New Distribution Record of Varanus salvator salvator (Laurenti, 1768) in Eastern Sri Lanka. Biawak 4 (3): 93-98 - get paper here
  • Wongtienchai, P, Lapbenjakul, S, Jangtarwan, K, et al. 2021. Genetic management of a water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator macromaculatus) population at Bang Kachao Peninsula as a consequence of urbanization with Varanus Farm Kamphaeng Saen as the first captive research establishment. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 59: 484– 497 - get paper here
  • Wood, Perry L.; Hinrich Kaiser; Stephany Looper; Timothy M. Youmans; Jesse L. Grismer and L. Lee Grismer 2004. A first report on the herpetofauna of Pulau Besar, Johor, West Malaysia. Hamadryad 28 (1&2): 106-109 - get paper here
  • Yang, Jian-Huan and Bosco Pui Lok Chan 2020. Distribution, Status, and Ecology of the Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) on Hainan Island, and the Role of Folklore in its Conservation[Photo Gallery] Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 15 (2): - get paper here
  • Young, B.A. 1988. The Subclavian Loop of Varanus salvator Copeia 1988 (4): 1029-1034. - get paper here
  • Yu, Xin; Akalili B.T. Mohd Zanudin, Mohd Uzair Rusli, David T. Booth and Juan Lei 2022. Diet reflects opportunistic feeding habit of the Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) Animal Biology 72 (1): 27 - get paper here
  • Zakaria, N., Allahudin, M. I. H., Ma'ad, S. N. S., Sulaiman, A. A., Abdullah, N. A., Zamri, M. I. M., ... & Deraman, M. Y. 2022. Diversity amphibians and reptiles at Sungai Kerteh mangrove forest, Terengganu, Malaysia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(11) - get paper here
  • ZDUNEK, PRZEMYSŁAW & PIERRE-LOUIS STENGER. 2023. A dragon in a trap! A record of using an aquatic trap to collect the Southeast Asian Water Monitor, Varanus salvator macromaculatus (Deraniyagala, 1944), in Indonesia (Squamata: Varanidae). Herpetology Notes 16: 937–940. - get paper here
  • Zhao,E. & Adler,K. 1993. Herpetology of China. SSAR, Oxford/Ohio, 1-522
  • Ziegler, T. 2002. Die Amphibien und Reptilien eines Tieflandfeuchtwald-Schutzgebietes in Vietnam. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 342 pp. - get paper here
  • Ziegler, Thomas & Böhme, Wolfgang 1996. Zur Hemiclitoris der squamaten Reptilien: Auswirkungen auf einige Methoden der Geschlechtsunterscheidung. Herpetofauna 18 (101): 11-19 - get paper here
  • Ziegler, Thomas; Böhme, Wolfgang 1997. Genitalstrukturen und Paarungsbiologie bei squamaten Reptilien, speziell den Platynota, mit Bemerkungen zur Systematik. Mertensiella 8: 1-207
  • Ziesmann, S.; Klaas, P.& Janzen, P. 2007. Von Skinken und anderen Echsen [Sri Lankas]. Draco 7 (30): 18-23 - get paper here
  • Zug, G.R. & Mulcahy, D.G. 2019. Identification guide Amphibians and reptiles of South Tanintharyi. Fauna & Flora International, 101 pp.
  • Zug, George R. and Hinrich Kaiser 2014. A new species of four-toed skink (Squamata: Scincidae: Carlia peronii species group) from Pulau Sukur, Indonesia, and biogeographic notes on the herpetofauna of Flores and Komodo. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 126 (4): 379-392, doi: 10.2988/0006-324X-126.4.379 - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator