Vipera orlovi TUNIYEV & OSTROVSKIKH, 2001

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Higher Taxa	Viperidae, Viperinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies
Common Names	Russian: Гадюка Орлова
Synonym	Vipera orlovi TUNIYEV & OSTROVSKIKH, 2001 Vipera kaznakovi — KRAMER 1961:703 (part.) Vipera dinniki orlovi — SCHWEIGER 2009 Vipera orlovi — LIVIGNI 2013: 351 Pelias orlovi — WALLACH et al. 2014: 533 Pelias orlovi — TUNIYEV 2016 Pelias orlovi— DUNAEV & ORLOVA 2017 vipera orlovi — JOGER & ZINENKO 2021
Distribution	W Caucasus (50-1100 m elevation) Type locality: Papai Mountain, Krasnodarskii region, Russia
Reproduction	ovovivparous
Types	Holotype: SNP (given as SD CSNBR 528), adult male, (Scientific Department, Caucasian State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Sochi), May 12, 1997, coll. S. V. Ostrovskikh.
Diagnosis	Diagnosis: A medium-size viper of the Eurosibe-rian group. Head has more light coloration than body. Canthals and labials are white. Number of ventral shields and number of crown shields are the least for all representatives of "kaznakovi" complex. Additional details (449 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Synonymy: this species may be synonymous with V. (P.) dinniki (Mallow et al., 2003, Smedt, 2006). The genome of V. orlovi is composed of the genomes of Vipera kaznakovi (major part) and of Vipera renardi (about 20%). V. orlovi is intermediate in ecology between its ‘parental species,’ however its habitat is not the typical habitat of neither V. kaznakovi nor V. renardi. As all three taxa are allopatric, there is no evidence of current geneflow between them, hence Joger & Zinenko 2021 proposed to maintain species status for V. orlovi. Venomous! Conservation: one of the 30 most endangered viper species (Maritz et al. 2016). Distribution: For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013.
Etymology	Species is named after the Russian herpetologist — Nikolay L. Orlov, who made an im-portant contribution to the study of Caucasian vipers.
References	Ananjeva, NB, Orlov NL; Khalikov RG; Darevsky IS; Ryabov IS & Barabanov AV 2006. The Reptiles of North Eurasia. Taxonomic Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status [this comprises the territory of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia]. Pensoft Series Faunistica 47, 250 pp. Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here De Smedt, J. 2006. The Vipers of Europe. Monasteria, Münster, 340 pp. Dunaev E.A., Orlova V.F. 2017. Amphibians and reptiles of Russia. Atlas and determination. 2nd. ed. Moscow: Phyton XXI, 328 p Joger, Ulrich; Oleksandr Zinenko 2021. Is Vipera orlovi a Distinct Hybrid Species? Russian Journal of Herpetology 28 (1): 60-66 - get paper here LiVigni, F. (ed.) 2013. A Life for Reptiles and Amphibians, Volume 1. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 495 pp. - get paper here Mallow, D. Ludwig, D. & Nilson, G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger, Malabar, Florida, 410 pp. [review in HR 35: 200, Reptilia 35: 74] Maritz, Bryan; Johannes Penner, Marcio Martins, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović, Stephen Spear, Laura R.V. Alencar, Jesús Sigala-Rodriguez, Kevin Messenger, Rulon W. Clark, Pritpal Soorae, Luca Luiselli, Chris Jenkins, Harry W. Greene 2016. Identifying global priorities for the conservation of vipers. Biological Conservation, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.004 - get paper here Phelps, T. 2010. Old World Vipers. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 558 pp. [critical review in Sauria 33 (3): 19 and HR 43: 503] Schweiger, M. 2009. Die Giftschlangen Europas. Eine Übersicht der Arten und Bemerkungen zu einzelnen Taxa. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (76): 14-25 - get paper here Sindaco, R.; Alberto Venchi & Cristina Grieco 2013. The Reptiles of the Western Palearctic, Volume 2: Annotated Checklist and Distributional Atlas of the Snakes of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia, with an Update to Volume 1. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 543 pp. - get paper here Tuniyev B.S. 2016. Rare species of shield-head vipers in the Caucasus. Nature Conservation Research 1 (3): 11–25 - get paper here TUNIYEV, B. S. & S. V. OSTROVSKIKH 2001. Two new species of vipers of "kaznakovi" complex (Ophidia, Viperidae) from western Caucasus. Russ. J. Herpetol. 8 (2): 117-126 - get paper here Tuniyev, B.S.; N.L. Orlov, N.B. Ananjeva and A.L. Aghasyan 2019. Snakes of the Caucasus: taxonomic diversity, distribution, conservation. St. Petersburg, Moscow. KMK Scientific Press. 2019. 276 pp. - get paper here Tuniyev, S. B.; A. Avcı, B. S. Tuniyev, A. L. Agasian, L. A. Agasian 2013. Description of a New Species of Shield-Head Vipers - Pelias olguni sp. nov. from Basin of Upper Flow of the Kura River in Turkey. Russ. J. Herpetol. 19 (4): 314-332 - get paper here Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.pensoft.net/newbook/12361/s3.html https://www.facebook.com/groups/stshc/posts/593835682841034/ Google images

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