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Virginia striatula (LINNAEUS, 1766)

IUCN Red List - Virginia striatula - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Rough Earth Snake
G: Rauhe Erdschlange 
SynonymColuber striatulus LINNAEUS 1766: 275
Natrix striatulus — MERREM 1820: 118
Haldea striatula – BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 122
Virginia inornata GARMAN 1884: 97 (fide BLANCHARD 1924)
Virginia striatula — GARMAN 1884: 97
Amphiardis inornatus — COPE 1888: 391
Virginia inornata — GARMAN 1888
Haldea striatula — BOULENGER 1893
Amphardis striatula — COPE 1895: 206 (nom. emend.)
Conocephalus striatulus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 140
Conocephalus striatulus — JAN 1865
Falconeria bengalensis THEOBALD 1868: 37 (fide BAUER & DAS 1999)
Haldea striatula — BOULENGER 1893: 291
Amphiardis inornatus — BROWN 1901: 43
Potamophis striatulus — BLANCHARD 1924
Potamophis striatulus — FORCE 1928
Potamophis striatulus — ALLEN 1932
Potamophis striatulus — BURT 1935
Haldea striatula — SHANNON & SMITH 1949
Virginia striatula — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 174
Virginia striatula — CROTHER 2000
Virginia striatula — ERNST & ERNST 2003: 445
Virginia striatula — CROTHER et al. 2012
Haldea striatula — MCVAY & CARSTENS 2013
Virginia striatula — WALLACH et al. 2014: 789
Virginia striatula — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015
Haldea striatula — GUYER et al. 2018
Virginia striatula — NUÑEZ et al. 2023 
DistributionUSA (Texas, E Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Kansas, S Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, N Florida, South Carolina, E North Carolina, SE Virginia, SW Tennessee)

Type locality: Carolina  
Reproductionlecithotrophic, ovovivparous. 
TypesSyntype: MCZ R-178775 
Diagnosis 
CommentType species: Coluber striatulus LINNAEUS 1766: 275 is the type species of the genus Haldea BAIRD & GIRARD 1853. MCVAY & CARSTENS 2013 revalidated the genus Haldea without providing a diagnosis. 
References
  • Aldridge, Robert D. & David M. Sever 2011. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF SNAKES. Taylor & Francis CRC Press, xii + 759 pp.
  • Allen, Morrow J. 1932. A survey of the Amphibians and reptiles of Harrison County, Mississippi. American Museum Novitates (542): 1-20 - get paper here
  • Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, xvi + 172 pp. - get paper here
  • BASSETT, L. G., AND M. R. J. FORSTNER 2020. Geographic Distribution: Haldea striatula (Rough Earthsnake). USA: Texas: Hamilton Co. Herpetological Review 51: 545.
  • Beane, J C 2019. New geographic distribution records for reptiles from North Carolina, USA. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 538-542 - get paper here
  • Blackburn, D.G. 1994. Discrepant Usage of the Term Ovoviviparity in the Herpetological Literature. The Herpetological Journal 4 (3): 65-72 - get paper here
  • Blackburn, D.G. & Stewart, J.R. 2011. Viviparity and placentation in snakes. In Aldridge & Sever (eds), Reproductive biology and phylogeny in snakes. CRC Press, pp. 119-181 - get paper here
  • Blanchard, F.N. 1924. The status of Amphiardis inornatus (Garman). Copeia (134): 83-85 - get paper here
  • Bogosian, Victor; Eric C. Hellgren, and Raymond W. Moody 2012. Assemblages of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals on an Urban Military Base in Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist 57 (3): 277-284. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Breukelman, John 1940. The snake Haldea striatula in Kansas. Herpetologica 2 (2): 56 - get paper here
  • Brown, A.E. 1901. A review of the Genera and Species of American Snakes, North of Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 53: 10-110 - get paper here
  • Burbrink FT, Futterman I. 2019. Female‐ biased gape and body-size dimorphism in the New World watersnakes (tribe: Thamnophiini) oppose predictions from Rensch's rule. Ecol Evol. 00:1–10
  • Burt, Charles E. 1935. Further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west. American Midland Naturalist 16 (3): 311-336 - get paper here
  • Camper, Jeffrey D. 2019. The Reptiles of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, 288 pp. [review in Copeia 107 (3): 590, 2019] - get paper here
  • Collins, J.T. & Collins, S.L. 2009. A pocket guide to Kansas snakes, 2nd ed. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, 69 pp.
  • Collins, J.T. & Collins, S.L. 2010. A pocket guide to Kansas snakes, 3rd ed. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, 69 pp.
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
  • Cope, E.D. 1895. The classification of the ophidia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 18: 186-219 [1894] - get paper here
  • Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92
  • Dixon, James R. 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas, second edition. Texas A&M University Press, 421 pp.
  • Dundee, H.A., & Rossman, D.A. 1989. The amphibians and reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana St. Univ. Press, Baton Rouge 300 pp.
  • Enge, Kevin M. 2009. Venomous and non-venomous snakes of Florida. Publication of the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission. 16 pp.
  • Ernst, C.H. & Ernst, E.M. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, 668 pp.
  • Ernst, C.H., & Barbour, R.W. 1989. Snakes of eastern North America. George Mason Univ. Press, Fairfax, VA 282 pp.
  • Force, Edith R. 1928. A Preliminary Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Tulsa County. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 8: - get paper here
  • Franklin, Carl J.;Gutberlet, Ronald L. 1996. Geographic Distribution. Virginia striatula. Herpetological Review 27 (4): 215 - get paper here
  • Garman, Samuel 1884. The reptiles and batrachians of North America. Mem. Mus. comp. Zool, Cambridge (Massachusetts), 8 (3): xxxiv + 185 pp. [1883] [CNAH reprint 10] - get paper here
  • GENTER, BENJAMIN W. & DREW R. DAVIS. 2022. Geographic distribution: HALDEA STRIATULA (Rough Earthsnake). USA: TEXAS: Karnes Co. Herpetological Review 53 (2): 264.
  • Guyer, Craig; Mark A. Bailey, and Robert H. Mount 2018. Lizards and snakes of Alabama. University of Alabama Press, 397 pp. - get paper here
  • Irwin, Kelly J. 2004. Arkansas Snake Guide. Arkansas Game & Fish Commission, Little Rock, 50 pp.
  • Irwin, Kelly J.;Collins, Suzanne L.;Collins, Joseph T. 1993. Virginia striatula (rough earth snake). USA: Florida. Herpetological Review 24 (3): 111 - get paper here
  • Jan, G. 1865. Iconographie générale des ophidiens. 12. Livraison. J.B. Bailière et Fils, Paris - get paper here
  • Jensen, John B.; Carlos D. Camp, Whit Gibbons, & Matt J. Elliott 2008. Amphibians and reptiles of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, 575 pp.
  • Jones D, Foshee B, Fitzgerald L 2021. A herpetological survey of Edith L. Moore Nature Sanctuary. Check List 17(1): 27-38 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. (ed.) 2015. Amphibians and Reptiles of the US - Mexico Border States / Anfibios y Reptiles de los Estados de la Frontera México - Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. x + 614 pp.; ISBN 978-1-62349-306-6. - get paper here
  • Liner, Ernest A. 1996. Geographic Distribution. Virginia striatula. Herpetological Review 27 (3): 155 - get paper here
  • Linné, C. von [= Linnaeus, C.] 1766. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Holmiae. 1-532 pp. - get paper here
  • Linzey, D.W., & Clifford, M.J. 1981. Snakes of Virgina. Univ. Press of Virginia, Charlottesville 159 pp.
  • McVay, John D.; Oscar Flores-Villela and Bryan Carstens 2015. Diversification of North American natricine snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116 (1): 1-12 - get paper here
  • McVay, John David; Bryan Carstens 2013. Testing monophyly without well-supported gene trees: Evidence from multi-locus nuclear data conflicts with existing taxonomy in the snake tribe Thamnophiini. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 68, Issue 3, September 2013, Pages 425–431 - get paper here
  • Mitchell, J. C. & Reay, K.K. 1999. Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Virginia. Specialty Publication 1, VA Dept of Game and Fisheries, 122 pp. - get paper here
  • Mitchell, J.C. 1994. The reptiles of Virginia. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, ca. 350 pp.
  • Nuñez, L.P., Gray, L.N., Weisrock, D.W., Burbrink, F.T., 2023. The Phylogenomic and Biogeographic History of the Gartersnakes, Watersnakes, and Allies (Natricidae: Thamnophiini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Palmer, W.M. & Braswell, A.L. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. Univ. North Carolina Press
  • Peacock, B; 2019. Geographic Distribution: Haldea striatula (Rough Earth Snake) USA: Florida: Duval Co. Herpetological Review 50 (1): 105 - get paper here
  • Powell R; Collins J T; Fish L D 1994. Virginia striatula (Linnaeus), rough earth snake. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 599: 1-6 - get paper here
  • Rossman D A; Wallach V 1991. Virginia Baird and Girard. Earth snakes. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles ( 529: 1-4 - get paper here
  • Shannon, Frederick A.;Smith, Hobart M. 1949. Herpetological results of the University of Illinois field expedition, Spring 1949. I. Introduction, Testudines, Serpentes. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 52 (4): 494-509 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M.;Leonard, Arthur B. 1934. Distributional records of reptiles and amphibians in Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 15: 190-196 - get paper here
  • STEVENSON, DIRK J. et al. 2021. New County Records for Amphibians and Reptiles in Georgia, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 350-359
  • Taylor, Q., & Cox, C. L. 2019. Evidence of predation risk increases with body size in a diminutive snake. Journal of Zoology, 307(2), 141–148 - get paper here
  • Tennant, A. 2003. Snakes of North America - Eastern and Central Regions, revised edition. Lone Star Books, 605 pp.
  • Tennant, A. & Bartlett, R.D. 2000. Snakes of North America - Eastern and Central Regions. Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX, 588 pp.
  • Theobald, WILLIAM 1868. Catalogue of reptiles in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Calcutta, 37 (extra number 146): (2), vi, 7-88 - get paper here
  • Thornton, Okla W., Jr.;Smith, Jerry R. 1993. New county records of amphibians and reptiles from West-Central Texas. Herpetological Review 24 (1): 35-36 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werler, John E. & James R. Dixon 2000. Texas Snakes. University of Texas Press, 544 pages
 
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