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Erythrolamprus pygmaeus (COPE, 1868)

IUCN Red List - Erythrolamprus pygmaeus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Amazon Tropical Forest Snake 
SynonymLiophis leucogaster JAN 1863: 289
Liophis pygmaeus COPE 1868
Leimadophis pygmaeus — AMARAL 1929
Liophis leucogaster — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 178
Umbrivaga pygmaeus — MARKEZICH & DIXON 1979
Umbrivaga pygmaea — FRANK & RAMUS 1995
Umbrivaga pygmaea — VIDAL et al. 2010
Umbrivaga pygmaea — KAWASHITA-RIBEIRO et al. 2011
Erythrolamprus leucogaster — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012
Erythrolamprus pygmaea — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012
Umbrivaga pygmaea — WALLACH et al. 2014: 761
Erythrolamprus pygmaeus — NATERA-MUMAW et al. 2015: 174
Erythrolamprus pygmaeus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Erythrolamprus pygmaeus — TORRES-CARVAJAL & HINOJOSA 2020 
DistributionS Colombia [Castro,F. (pers. comm.)], N Peru, E Ecuador, Brazil (Amazonas [HR 30: 175], Pará), Venezuela

Type locality: "Napo, or neighboring pt. of Maranon."  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: ANSP 6668, a 176 mm specimen (J. Orton, winter 1867-1868). 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 659 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentDistribution: The type locality of Liophis leucogaster JAN 1863 is unknown; known only from the type specimen (PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970). See map in Nogueira et al. 2019.

Synonymy: DIXON (1980) suggested that Liophis leucogaster is probably a synonym of U. pygmaeus which resembles a young L. reginae in pattern. The external morphological counts given by Jan fit well with those of U. pygmaeus. The tail/total length ratio is similar to U. pygmaeus (providing Jan's inches were a relatively close measurement of a live individual. WALLACH et al. 2014: 761 also listed Liophis leucogaster in the synonymy of Umbrivaga pyburni ({with a question mark). 
EtymologyNamed after Greek pygmaios (πυγμαίος), pygmy, dwarf. (COPE 1868, Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., April 2024) 
References
  • Arteaga, A.; Bustamante, L.; Vieira, J. 2024. Reptiles of Ecuador. Khamai Foundation & Tropical Herping, 1073 pp. - get paper here
  • Bentley AG, Reyes-Puig JP, Hidalgo AB, Altamirano JAH, Barragan-Paladines ME, Yánez-Muñoz MH, Almeida-Reinoso D, Guerra MA, Arboleda J, Culebras J, Fiallos Moreno DA, Sáenz J, Yoder PM, Best D, Vizcarra Vasconez RS, Peñafiel Flores MG, Franchini A, C 2025. Snake (Serpentes, Reptilia) diversity in Mera, Ecuador: a citizen‑science approach to surveying a biodiversity hotspot of the western Amazon. Check List 21(5): 945-969 - get paper here
  • Bernal, R. 2025. Serpientes de Colombia-Guía de Campo. Serie de Guías Tropicales de Campo. 19: 396 pp. Conservación Internacional Colombia, Bogotá - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1868. An examination of the Reptilia and Batrachia obtained by the Orton Expedition to Equador and the Upper Amazon, with notes on other species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20: 96-140 - get paper here
  • Díaz-Flórez, Ronald A. 2023. DECIPHERING AN ENIGMA: FIRST RECORD OF ERYTHROLAMPRUS AENIGMA (SQUAMATA: DIPSADIDAE) IN COLOMBIA. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 6 (2): 167-173 - get paper here
  • Duellman,W.E. & Mendelson III, J.R. 1995. Amphibians and reptiles from Northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: Taxonomy and Biogeography. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 55 (10): 329-376 - get paper here
  • Dunn, E.R. 1944. A revision of the Colombian snakes of the genera Leimadophis, Lygophis, Liophis, Rhadinaea, and Pliocercus, with a note on Colombian Coniophanes. Caldasia 2 (10): 479-495 - get paper here
  • Fraga, R., Lima, A. P., Prudente, A. L. C., & Magnusson, W. E. 2013. Guia de cobras da região de Manaus – Amazônia Central. Manaus: INPA - get paper here
  • Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Hussam Zaher, Robert W. Murphy, Gustavo Scrocchi, Marco A. Benavides, Ya-Ping Zhang and Sandro L. Bonatto 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x - get paper here
  • Jan, G. 1863. Enumerazione sistematica degli ofidi appartenenti al gruppo Coronellidae. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. 2 (2): 213-330 [1862] - get paper here
  • Jan, G. 1865. Iconographie générale des ophidiens. 13. Livraison. [Homalosoma mite]. J.B. Bailière et Fils, Paris - get paper here
  • Kawashita-Ribeiro, Ricardo Alexandre; Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Ana Caroline de Lima, Robson Waldemar Ávila, and Rafael de Fraga 2011. Morphology and geographical distribution of the poorly known snake Umbrivaga pygmaea (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) in Brazil. Phyllomedusa 10 (2): 177–182 - get paper here
  • Lima Moraes, L. J. C. de, do Nascimento Rainha, R., de Pinho Werneck, F., de Souza Oliveira, A. F., Gascon, C., & de Carvalho, V. T. 2022. Amphibians and reptiles from a protected area in western Brazilian Amazonia (Reserva Extrativista do Baixo Juruá). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 62, e202262054-e202262054 - get paper here
  • Markezich, Allan L.; Dixon, James R. 1979. A new South American species of snake and comments on the genus Umbrivaga. Copeia 1979 (4): 698-701 - get paper here
  • Martins, M. & Oliveira, M.E. 1998. Natural history of snakes in forests of the Manaus region, central Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetological Natural History 6: 78-150 - get paper here
  • Morato, S.A.A.; Calixto, P.O.; Mendes, L.R.; Gomes, R.; Galatti, U.; Trein, F.L.; Oliveira, F.S.; Ferreira, G.N. 2014. Guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Estado do Pará. Curitiba: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.; 213 p. - get paper here
  • Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Guilherme Nunes Ferreira; Michela Rossane Cavilha Scupino (eds.) 2018. Herpetofauna da Amazônia Central: Estudos na FLONA de Saracá-Taquera. Curitiba, Pr: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas, Pa: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A., 2018.<br />210p. - get paper here
  • Natera-Mumaw, Marco; Luis Felipe Esqueda-González & Manuel Castelaín-Fernández 2015. Atlas Serpientes de Venezuela. Santiago de Chile, Dimacofi Negocios Avanzados S.A., 456 pp. - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno, A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp.
  • Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal, O. and Hinojosa, K. C. 2020. Hidden diversity in two widespread snake species (Serpentes: Xenodontini: Erythrolamprus) from South America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 146: 106772 - get paper here
  • Vechio, Francisco Dal; Mauro Teixeira Jr., Renato Sousa Recoder, Marco Aurélio de Sena, Sergio Marques Souza, Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues 2015. Distribution extension and revised map of Erythrolamprus pygmaeus (Cope, 1868) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Check List 11 (4): 1719 - get paper here
  • Vidal, Nicolas; Maël Dewynter, David J. Gower 2010. Dissecting the major American snake radiation: A molecular phylogeny of the Dipsadidae Bonaparte (Serpentes, Caenophidia). C. R. Biologies 333: 48–55 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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